Table 1.

Summary of studies describing in vitro osteogenic differentiation of MSC derived from fetal and maternal tissues

	Placental region	Gestation time	MSC lineages used	Passage	Growth support	Readout	References
Fetal	Amnion	Term/NS	Bulk population	P0	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[114]
				Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[44, 48, 60, 115–120]
					Plastic	Gene evaluation	[48, 116–118]
					Collagen I coated plastic	Cytochemical staining	[65, 121]
					Collagen I coated plastic	Enzymatic evaluation	[121]
					Collagen I coated plastic	Protein evaluation	[65]
					Nukbone® scaffold	Gene evaluation	[70]
			CD271+	P0	Plastic	Cytochemical and immunostaining, gene evaluation	[10]
			CD105+	Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[36]
			CD44+/CD73+/CD105+ and CD44+/CD73+/CD105−		Plastic	Enzymatic and protein evaluation, biochemical assay	[15]
			hTERT transduced cells		Plastic	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[122]
			Side population		Plastic	Cytochemical and immunostaining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[38]
		1st trim, term	Bulk population		Plastic	Cytochemical and immunostaining, enzymatic evaluation	[18]
		2nd trim, term	Bulk population		Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[123]
	Chorion	Term/NS	Bulk population	Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[20, 48, 119, 124–129]
					Plastic	Immunostaining	[125]
					Plastic	Enzymatic evaluation	[124, 125]
					Plastic	Gene evaluation	[20, 48, 125, 127, 128]
					Plastic	Biochemical assay	[124]
				P0	PU scaffold	Cytochemical staining	[80]
			CD271+	P0	Plastic	Cytochemical and immunostaining, gene evaluation	[10]
			Fibroblast depleted and not-depleted cells	Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic evaluation	[130]
			CD105+		Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[36]
			Bmi-1 or hTERT + Bmi-1 transduced cells		Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[131]
			CD106+ and CD106−		Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[39]
			C-kit+		Plastic	Immunostaining	[132]
			CD31−/CD45−		Plastic	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[107]
		1st trim	Bulk population	Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[112, 133, 134]
			Bulk population		Plastic	Enzymatic evaluation	[133]
		1st trim, term	Bulk population		Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[18, 111, 135]
Fetal	Chorion	1st trim, term	Bulk population	1st trim, term	Plastic	Immunostaining, enzymatic evaluation	[18]
			Bulk population		Plastic	Gene and protein evaluation	[111]
			Bulk population		Cell-free chorion scaffold	Cytochemical and immunostaining, enzymatic and gene evaluation, electron microscopy	[71]
Maternal	Decidua	Term	Bulk population	Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[8, 31, 106, 136, 137]
			Bulk population		Plastic	Enzymatic evaluation	[106]
			Bulk population		Plastic	Gene evaluation	[8, 31, 106, 136, 137]
		2nd trim, term	Bulk population		Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[123]
		1st trim	Bulk population		Plastic	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic evaluation	[138]
Unspecified placental tissue and/or a mix of placental tissues		Term	Bulk population	Cultured passages	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[40, 41, 58, 59, 139–152]
					Plastic	Immunostaining	[41]
					Plastic	Enzymatic evaluation	[40, 59, 143, 152]
					Plastic	Gene evaluation	[40, 41, 59, 144, 151, 152]
					[PAH/PSS]9 PEM coated ITO treated glass electrodes	Cytochemical staining	[153]
					Nano-biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics	Cytochemical staining, gene evaluation	[105]
					PCL-PEG-PCL scaffold	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and protein evaluation	[77]
			FZD9+CD10+CD26+		Plastic	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[35]
			AdLMP-1 or AdLacZ transduced cells		Plastic	Cytochemical staining, gene and protein evaluation	[154]

NS not specified; trim trimester; PU polyurethane; PEM polyelectrolyte multilayers; PCL polycaprolactone; PEG poly ethylene glycol; PAH poly (allylamine hydrochloride); PSS poly(styrene sulfonate); ITO indium tin oxide; FZD9 frizzled-9