Table 2.

Summary of studies describing in vitro osteogenic differentiation of term hUC-MSC and hWJ-MSC at passages

MSC lineages used	Growth support	Readout	References
Bulk population	Plastic	Cytochemical staining	[17, 20, 47, 52, 55, 57, 61, 64, 76, 92, 96, 98, 155–179]*
		Immunostaining	[52, 57, 96, 156, 175, 180]
		Enzymatic evaluation	[17, 52, 57, 61, 76, 96, 98, 157–159, 162, 173, 177, 180–183]**
		Gene evaluation	[17, 20, 57, 61, 64, 92, 98, 155, 158–160, 162, 164, 165, 167, 171, 173, 175, 177, 180, 184]*
		Protein evaluation	[57, 98, 184]
		Biochemical assay	[17, 76, 170, 173]
	Rod-like-nHA and flake-like-micro-HA coatings on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy substrates	Cytochemical and immunostaining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[185]
	Type I atelocollagen-coated Bioflex® plate stimulated with Flexcell system	Gene and protein evaluation	[63]
	Fibronectin coating	Cytochemical and immunostaining, enzymatic, gene and protein evaluation	[186]
		Cytochemical and immunostaining, electron microscopy	[187]
	Collagen I coating	Cytochemical staining, protein evaluation	[65]
	PAAM substrates	Cytochemical staining, gene evaluation	[188]
	Porcine urinary bladder matrix scaffold	Cytochemical and immunostaining, enzymatic and gene evaluation, electron microscopy, spectroscopy	[69]
	Collagen scaffold	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic evaluation	[189]
		Cytochemical and immunostaining, gene evaluation and electron microscopy	[68]
	PGA and derivatives scaffold	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[79, 81]
		Protein evaluation	[81]
		Biochemical assay	[78, 79]
		Electron microscopy	[79]
	PCL and derivatives scaffold	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and gene evaluation, electron microscopy	[75, 76]
		Immunostaining	[75]
		Spectroscopy	[76]
	PLLA scaffold	Cytochemical staining, protein and gene evaluation	[82, 83]
		Immunostaining	[82]
	Nano-biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics	Cytochemical staining, gene evaluation	[105]
	45S5 Bioglass-based scaffold	Cytochemical staining, protein evaluation	[190]
	CPC scaffold and derivatives	Cytochemical staining	[45, 46, 84, 85, 87, 89–91, 93–95, 109]
		Enzymatic evaluation	[45, 46, 88–91]
		Gene evaluation	[45, 46, 85–89, 91, 93–95, 109]
		Electron microscopy	[86, 88, 89]
		Spectroscopy	[88, 89]
Bulk population and HSP90β transfected cells	Plastic	Cytochemical staining, enzymatic and gene evaluation	[108]
Lentiviral-transduced cells	Plastic	Enzymatic and gene evaluation	[191]
Osx-transfected MSC	Plastic	Enzymatic and gene evaluation	[97]

PCL polycaprolactone; PAAM polyacrylamide hydrogel; PGA polyglycolic acid; PLLA poly(L-Lactic acid); CPC calcium phosphate cement; nHA nano-hydroxyapatite; Osx osterix

* Reference 92: hUC-MSC were encapsulated within alginate microbeads, oxidized alginate microbeads, and oxidized alginate-fibrin microbeads

** Reference 182: UCX® cells: human stem cells derived from the umbilical cord tissue (Wharton’s jelly)