Table 2.
Study participants, pre-study data, simulation, features of training procedures, and assessment
| Citation | Participants | Pre-study data collected | Simulation intervention | Additional training | Time between initial assessment and final assessment | Training time | Training tasks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggarwal et al., 2007 | · 19 novice surgeons | · None | · LapSim VR | · None | · Not specified* · Final assessment conducted over 4 weeks |
· Not specified* | · 7 basic tasks · 3 levels of difficulty · Skills for: 1) Instrument navigation 2) Grasping tissues 3) Clip application |
| Ahlberg et al., 2007 | · 29 4th year medical students | · None | · MIST-VR | · None | · Not specified* | · 3 hours | · 6 tasks simulate the maneuvers performed during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. |
| Ahlberg et al., 2002 | · 13 surgical residents: Unclear on study design* | · Mental rotation · Cognitive tests, · Verbal working memory · Attitude toward simulator |
· LapSim | · None | · The 1st surgery performed within 2 weeks of baseline measurement. · The last surgery performed within 6 months of the start. |
· Maximum of 40 hours in 1 week | · Grasping · Lift grasp · Cutting right · Cutting left · Clip application |
| Andreatta et al., 2006 | · 19 surgical interns 1) 10 in the training group 2) 9 in the control group |
· Computer game experience | · Simbionix LapMentor | · None | · 4 weeks | · Duration is not specified* · At least 10 repetitions were performed in order to reach proficiency by trainees |
· 30-degree camera navigation · Eye-hand coordination · Clipping and grasping · Cutting Electrocautery · Translocation of objects |
| Banks et al., 2007 | · 20 postgraduate year 1 residents | · Laparoscopic experience | · Task Trainer · Laparoscopic BTL |
· None | · 4 months | · Not specified, estimated to be approximately 4 hours* | · 1 hr. of didactics · 2 hours of hands on teaching in the skills lab with 3 stations: 1) Suturing pigs feet 2) Knot tying board 3) A lap simulator and an operative lap tower |
| Bennet et al. 2011 | · 70 Medical Students | · Laparoscopic experience · Interest in surgical specialty · Comfort with angled laparoscope. |
· Box Trainer | · None | · 6 weeks | · 10 minutes | · Tutorial on camera simulator navigation |
| Gala et al., 2013 | · 44 residents (PGY 1 & 2) · 66 (PGY 3 & 4) |
· Baseline data laparoscopic Pomeroy Bilateral tubal ligation | · Psychomotor board testing with a peg board test | · 2 times till mastery accomplished on all 5 validated laparoscopic simulators | · not reported | · 30 minutes with faculty member | · Clipping · Grasping · Lifting · Time · Peg transfer · Pattern cutting |
| Ganai et al., 2007 | · 19 M3 students 1) 9 training group 2) 10 control group |
· Laparoscopic cases observed or participated in were measured between baseline and performance | · Endo Tower | · None | · 3-4 weeks | · 1-hour sessions. · Limit of 10 sessions per difficulty level (3 levels). · Had to train to proficiency |
· Navigation around a complex geometric structure to achieve specific view of target objects. |
| Grantcharov et al., 2004 | · 16 surgical residents with limited laparoscopic experience | · None | · MIST-VR | · None | · 14 days | · 3 hours | · Task 1: virtual sphere to box transfer; · Task 2: hand to hand transfer · Task 3: grasping the segments of virtual pipe. · Task 4: grasp virtual sphere, touch tip of other instrument, withdraw and reinsert, and touch sphere again. · Task 5: virtual sphere was grasped, three plates appear on the surface of sphere, these are then touched by the other instruments. · Task 6: combines actions of 4 and 5 with diathermying the plates while holding the sphere |
| Hogle et al., 2009 | · Study 1: 1) 6 trained 2) 6 control · Study 3: 3) 10 trained 4) 11 control |
· Study 1and 3: None | · Study 1and 3: LapSim | · Study 1and 3: None | · Study 1: 1 month · Study 3: 5 weeks |
· Study 1 and 3: None specified* | · Camera navigation · Instrument navigation · Coordination · Grasping · Lifting and grasping · Cutting · Clip applying |
| Hung et al., 2012 | · 24 robotic surgery trainees | · Completed fewer than 10 robotic cases | · Vinci Si | · None | · 5 weeks | · 45 minutes | · Run bowl and cut on circumferentially inked line on bowl · Cut 2.5-cm inked line on anterior surface of bladder and water tight repair · Resect Styrofoam tumor with a clean margin of renal parenchyma |
| Korndorffer et al., 2005 | · 17 surgical residents PG1-PG5 | · Demographic · Video game ability |
· MISTELS | · None | · 8 weeks | · 8 hours (8 weeks during 1-hour weekly sessions) | · Trainees trained on suturing. |
| Larsen et al., 2009 | · 21 1st and 2nd year student specializing in OB/GYN | · None | · LapSim Gyn | · None | · Unclear* | · 7 hours and 15 minutes | · Trained on “lifting and grasping” and “cutting” [AND performed salpingectomy sparing ovary · 0 and 30 degree camera manipulation, hand-eye coordination, clipping, grasping and clipping, two handed maneuvers, cutting, fulguration, and object translocation. |
| Seymour et al., 2002 | 16 PGY1-4 surgical residents | · Visuospatial, perceptual · Psychomotor ability tests |
· MIST-VR | · Video demonstrating optimal procedure performance | · No initial assessment other than ability tests | · 1 hour | · Manipulate and diathermy task |
| Stefanidis et al., 2008 | · 32 medical students 1) 6 control group 2) 13 trained group 3) 13 trained group plus environmental and more complex |
· Demographic data · Simulator experience · Laparoscopic experience · NASA TLX work load |
· FLS video trainer model | · Assessed on the trainer for retention before being assessed for transfer on Porcine Model | · Retention and transfer tests conducted on same day. · Average time between baseline and completion of training was 8.4 days |
· For group II average training time was 239 minutes · For group III average training time was 329 minutes |
· Group II a. Trained to proficiency in lap suturing on an FLS video trainer model. · Group III · Trained until proficiency · Perform the task in a constrained space · Had to listen to OR noise through headphones · Had to practice with shorter suture · Had to start with a dropped needle whose tip was facing away from the FLS model. · These four conditions were introduced gradually. |
| Stefanidis et al., 2007 | · 15 novices | · Demographics · Experience with surgery and simulators |
· Simulator | · None | · Not specified (approximately from 4-5)* | · Average training was 4.7 hours (1.2 SD) · 41 reps (10 SD) · Lasted 6 days (4 SD) |
· Laparoscopic suturing was assessed |
| Sroka et al., 2010 | · 16 surgical residents (PGY 1-3) with no prior Fundamentals of Laparoscopic surgery training 1) 8 trained 2) 8 control |
· None | · MISTELS · Box Trainer |
· None | · Mean time between pre and post training evaluations was 145 days. | · Average time training on the simulator was 450 minutes. | · Peg transfer · Circle cut · Placement of a ligating loop · Simple suture tied with extra and intracorporeal techniques |
| Van Sickle et al. 2008 | · 22 senior surgical residents (PGY3-6) 1) 11 control group 2) 11 trained group (Simulation and box trainer) |
· Demographic · Perceptual ability · Previous laparoscopic surgery experience |
· MIST-VR · Box trainer |
· None | · Not specified* | · Not specified* | · Suturing on the VR trainer and box trainer · Knot tying on the box trainer |
| Verdaasdonk et al., 2008 | · 19 surgical trainees (1st and 2nd year) 1) 10 control group 2) 9 training group |
· None | · SIMENDO VR simulator | · None | · 1 week | · Not specified* | · Double surgical knot tying |
| Zendejas et al., 2011 | · 50 PGY 1-5 1) 26 trained group 2) 24 control group |
· Demographics · Video game ability |
· Guildford MATTU TEP task trainer | · None | · Approximately 10 days | · Unclear | · Trainees reduced the hernia sacs of right-sided indirect and femoral hernias and to position and tack a piece of 3.5 inches x 5 inches polypropylene mesh over the myopectineal orifice covering all potential right sided hernia defects. |
*
Note: Indicates articles that are unclear or do not supply an explanation of information.