Schematic of the experimental design (Suez et al.,
2014). A, NAS induction: Mice fed NAS developed altered
intestinal microbial communities and glucose intolerance. B, Antibiotic
suppression: treating these mice with antibiotics countered this
effect, indicating microbial involvement. C, Microbial transfer
from NAS-fed mice to germ-free (GF) mice fed normal chow induced glucose
intolerance, compared to GF mice receiving control microbiota. D, NAS
directly affects microbiota. Microbiota from control mice were grown
in the presence of NAS in vitro and transferred to GF mice,
inducing glucose intolerance compared to microbiota cultured without NAS.
E, Personalized human response depends on microbiota. The
responsiveness of adult human patients to NAS-induced glucose intolerance
depended on prior microbial composition. When transferred to GF mice, microbiota
from NAS-responsive patients induced glucose intolerance, while microbiota from
NAS-non-responsive patients did not.