Table 4.

Estimates of Creation Rates of Novel TF-Binding Sites during Evolution

Species	TFs	Number of Novel TF-Binding Sites	Number of New TF-Binding Sites per 100,000 Years	Number of Years Required to Create One New Binding Site	Chimp/Mouse and Human/Chimp Ratios of Creation Rates
Mousea	NANOG	2,657	0.76	131,718
Chimpanzeeb	NANOG	28,304	37.74	2,650	49.7
Modern Humansc	NANOG	794	214.59	466	5.7
Chimpanzee	CTCF	28,427	37.90	2,638
Modern Humans	CTCF	591	159.73	626	4.2
Chimpanzee	POU5F1	11,617	15.49	6,456
Modern Humans	POU5F1	2,386	644.86	155	41.6
Chimpanzee	RNAPII	11,693	15.59	6,414
Modern Humans	RNAPII	319	86.22	1,160	5.5

^aCalculated based on estimates of approximately 350-Myr evolutionary timeline between Zebrafish and Mouse.

^bCalculated based on estimates of Humans and Chimpanzees split 13 Ma and 88 Myr from Euarchonta and Glires (Gliriformes) split resulting in the estimated evolutionary timeline of approximately 75 Myr.

^cCalculated based on estimates of Modern Humans and Neanderthals split 370,000 years ago; estimates for CTCF, POU5F1, and RNAPII were calculated based on the assumption that all human-specific TF-binding sites emerged after Modern Humans and Neanderthals split 370,000 years ago; estimates of creation rates of primate-specific TF-binding sites were based on the assumption that all primate-specific TF-binding sites emerged before Modern Humans/Chimpanzees split 13 Ma.