Table 2.
Currently marketed emulsion based delivery systems.
| Example of Emulsion Based Adjuvant | Composition | Features | Encapsulated Peptide Antigen | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freunds complete adjuvant | w/o emulsion of a mineral oil, paraffin and killed mycobacteria | Capable of generating high immunization titers Strong adverse reactions | Human papillomaviruses (HPV) E5 | [65] |
| Montanide™ ISA 720 and 51 | w/o emulsion with squalene as the oil and mono-oleate as the surfactant | Associated with adverse drug reactions; extensive and costly emulsification is needed | Human papillomaviruses (HPV) E6, E7 | [65,66] |
| MF59™ | o/w emulsion with squalene oil dispersed with the help of surfactants viz. polysorbate 80 and sorbitan oleate | Great safety profile, able to activate immune cells directly | Melanoma Peptides | [67] |
| AS02™ | Composed of squalene and two hydrophobic immune adjuvants viz. MPL1™, a synthetic derivative of lipid A and QS-21, a purified saponin extract | Capable of inducing both humoral and cellular response | A recombinantly produced fusion of circumsporozoite protein (CS) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), called RTS,S | [68] |