Table 1.

Examples of TLR adjuvants, disease models tested in experimental and clinical trials, and human vaccines. Disease models and corresponding vaccines are shown in bold.

TLR	Ligand	Disease Models	Human Vaccine
TLR3	Poly I:C,	HIV [44,45,52], HPV [51],
	Poly I:CLC (Hiltonol),	Influenza [46,53],
	Poly I:C12U (Ampligen),	Cancer [47,48,50,54]
	Poly I:C + CAF01 (CAF05)
TLR4	Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL),	HBV [55,56,57,58,59],	Supervax/Fendrix [55,58,59],
	RC-529 (Ribi),	Leishmania [60], TB [61,62],
	MPL/QS-21/liposomes (AS01),	VZV [63], Malaria [64,65,66,67],
	MPL/QS-21/oil-in-water	HIV [68,69], HPV [70,71,72,73],	Cervarix [72,73],
	emulsion (AS02),	HSV [74], EBV [75],
	MPL + Alum (AS04),	Melanoma [76,77],	Melacine [76],
	MPL + DETOX, AGPs,	Cancer [78,79,80]	Stimuvax [78],
	GLE-(SE), E6020, OM-174,	RSV [81], L. monocytogenes [81],	Theratope [79]
		Influenza [81,82]
TLR7 TLR8	Imiquimod (R-837), Resiquimod (R-848)	HPV [83,84], Molluscum [84],	Aldara [83,84,85,86, 87]
		Cancer [83,84,85,86], Melanoma [87], HIV [88], HSV [88], Leishmania [89]
TLR9	CpG ODN, CpG ODN + MPL/QS21 (AS15)	Malaria [90,91,92],
		Influenza [93],	Fluarix [93],
		HBV [94,95,96,97], Anthrax [98], HPV [99],	Engerix-B [96],
		Cancer [99,100,101,102,103],	Heplisav [97]
		Melanoma [100,102,104,105],
TLR2/TLR1 TLR2/TLR6	Lipoproteins, MALP-2, Pam2CSK4, Pam3CSK4; non-lipidated ligands: porins (Neisseriae, F. nucleatum, Chlamydia, Salmonella, Shigella), toxins (E. coli LT-IIa-B(5)/IIb-B(5))	enterohemorragic E. coli [106,107],
		Lyme Disease [108,109]	LYMErix [109]
		Malaria [110,111], HBV [112,113]	Theradigm-HBV [112]
		HIV [114,115], Chlamydia [116], Salmonella [117], Neisseriae [118,119], Influenza [120,121], Helminths [122], F. tularensis [123]
TLR5	Flagellin	Y. pestis [124], West Nile virus [125], L. monoctyogenes [126], Malaria [127,128], Dental Caries [129], Cancer [130,131], HPV [131], Influenza [132,133,134,135,136,137,138]	VAX128 [134], VAX125 [135], VAX102 [137], STF2.4xMe [138]