Table 5.

Biodegradation of antibiotics in manure.

Treatment	Antibiotic	Concentration	Observed reduction	Reference
I. Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion of swine manure 21 days	Chlortetracycline	6.5 mg·L−1	7% (22 °C)	[62]
		8.3 mg·L−1	80% (38 °C)
		5.9 mg·L−1	98% (55 °C)
Anaerobic digestion of cattle manure (28 days)	Monensin	0.74 mg·L−1	3% (22 °C)	[62]
		0.36 mg·L−1	8% (38 °C)
		0.30 mg·L−1	27% (55 °C)
Batch anaerobic digestion	Oxytetracycline	20 mg·L−1	55%–73% at 37 °C	[63]
Anaerobic sequence batch reactor (ASBR)	Tylosin A	1.6 mg·kg−1	Degraded to <detection limit.	[1]
		5.8 mg·kg−1	Decreased to 0.01 mg·L−1 in 48 h
Swine manure from lagoons	Tylosin	0–400 mg·kg−1	95%–75%	[64]
II. Composting
Composting (22–35 days)	Chlortetracycline	1.5 mg·kg−1	99%	[65]
	Monensin	11.9 mg·kg−1	54%	[65]
	Tylosin	3.7 mg·kg−1	54%
	Sulfamethazine	10.8 mg·kg−1	–76%	[65]
Composting beef manure (35 days) abiotic removal	Oxytetracycline	115 μg·g−1 DM	99% (laboratory)25% (22 °C)	[51]
Composting	Oxytetracycline	20 mg·L−1	85%	[13]
	Tetracycline		92%
	Chlortetracycline		90% (all removals
	Levofloxacine		81% at 38 °C)
	Ciprofloxacine		100%
	Erythromycin		67%
	Sulfamonomethoxine		79%
	Sulfamethoxazole		95%
	Trimethoprim		86%
	Carbamazepine		37%
III. Manure amended soil
Soil	Tetracycline	5–300 µg·kg−1	0%0%	[66]
	Chlortetracycline	4.7 µg·kg−1	0%0%
	Sulphanilamide	0.25–1.0 mg·L−1	0%	[67]
	Tylosin	5.6 µg·L−1	0%	[68]
	Erythromecin	5.6 µg·L−1	25%	[68]
Storage	Sulfadiazine	156 mg·L−1	0% (10 °C and 20 °C)	[46]
	Difloxacin	17.6 mg·L−1	7% (10 °C and 20 °C)