Table 3.

LLLT/LED use in TBI

Author/year	Type of study (n)	TBI type	LLLT and LED protocol	Results	Side effects
Naeser et al51 2011	Case report (2)	Chronic mild TBI	12–15 mW per diode, total power 500 mW; bilateral and middle sagittal areas using LED cluster heads	Transient cognitive and neurobehavioral improvement	No negative side effects
Nawashiro et al62 2012	Case report (1)	Chronic severe TBI in persistent vegetative state	L-light, 23 diodes; peak wavelength, 850 nm; total power, 299 mW; L-light on the left and right forehead areas	Improved neurological condition and cerebral blood flow	N/A
Naeser et al48 2014	Open label (11)	Chronic mild TBI	LED cluster head (500 mW, 22.2 mW/cm2 for 10 min) midline from front-to-back hairline; and bilaterally on frontal, parietal, and temporal areas	Transient cognitive and neurobehavioral improvement	N/A

Note: L-light (SUN-MECHATRONICS, Tokyo, Japan).

Abbreviations: TBI, traumatic brain injury; LED, light-emitting diode; N/A, not applicable; LLLT, low-level light/laser therapy; min, minutes.