Table 1.
Association between Use of Medical Services and Client Characteristics
| Variable | Variable Distribution n (%) |
Use Medical Services n (%) |
Chi-Square Test of Independence |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,993 | 836 (41.9) | |
| Race | |||
| African American | 536 (26.9) | 257 (47.9) | 16.6, df = 3, |
| White | 344 (17.3) | 152 (44.2) | p = .001 |
| Hispanic | 878 (44.1) | 327 (37.2) | |
| Others | 233 (11.7) | 99 (42.5) | |
| Nativity (US Born) | |||
| Yes | 1550 (77.8) | 660 (42.6) | 1.2, df = 1, |
| No | 441 (22.2) | 175 (39.7) | p = .276 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1320 (66.2) | 505 (38.3) | 21.8, df = 1, |
| Female | 673 (33.8) | 331 (49.2) | p < .0001 |
| Sexual Orientation | |||
| Heterosexual | 1091 (54.7) | 488 (44.7) | 7.7, df = 1, |
| Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual | 902 (45.3) | 348 (38.6) | p = .006 |
| Education | |||
| Did not complete High School | 546 (27.4) | 263 (48.2) | 20.8, df = 2, |
| GED/ High School Diploma | 766 (38.5) | 331 (43.2) | p < .0001 |
| Some College or higher | 679 (34.1) | 241 (35.5) | |
| Living Arrangement | |||
| House or apartment | 1432 (72) | 502 (35.1) | 133.5, df = 4, |
| Hotel, motel or rooming house | 66 (3.3) | 30 (45.4) | p < .0001 |
| Halfway house, treatment center | 289 (14.5) | 186 (64.4) | |
| Shelter or mission | 78 (3.9) | 62 (79.5) | |
| Car, vacant building, street, alley,
or park |
124 (6.2) | 56 (45.2) | |
| Alcohol Use | |||
| Yes | 1436 (72.1) | 555 (38.6) | 22.9, df = 1, |
| No | 555 (27.9) | 280 (50.4) | p < .0001 |
| Cocaine Use | |||
| Yes | 371 (18.6) | 183 (49.3) | 10.3, df = 1, |
| No | 1619 (81.4) | 651 (40.2) | p = .001 |
| Ever Injected Drugs | |||
| Yes | 450 (22.9) | 219 (48.7) | 10.7, df = 1, |
| No | 1518 (77.1) | 607 (40) | p = 0.001 |
| Needle Usea | |||
| Yes | 386 (19.4) | 186 (48.2) | 7.8, df = 1, |
| No | 1602 (80.6) | 647 (40.4) | p = 0.005 |
| Needle Sharing | |||
| Yes | 143 (7.4) | 70 (48.9) | 3.1, df = 1, |
| No | 1799 (92.6) | 745 (41.4) | p = 0.079 |
| Experience Abuse | |||
| Yes | 1090 (54.7) | 510 (46.8) | 22.8, df = 1, |
| No | 901 (45.3) | 326 (36.2) | p < 0.0001 |
| Survival Sex Trade | |||
| Yes | 487 (24.5) | 267 (54.8) | 44.0, df = 1, |
| No | 1504 (75.5) | 568 (37.8) | p < 0.0001 |
|
Ever Received HIV testing/
counseling |
|||
| Yes | 1639 (82.3) | 737 (45) | 33.7, df = 1, |
| No | 352 (17.7) | 99 (28.1) | p < 0.0001 |
| HIV Positiveb | |||
| Yes | 322 (22.1) | 240 (74.5) | 139.2, df = 1, |
| No | 1133 (77.9) | 424 (37.4) | p < 0.0001 |
| Receive Case Management | |||
| Yes | 681 (34.2) | 497 (73) | 408.6, df = 1, |
| No | 1311 (65.8) | 339 (25.9) | p < 0.0001 |
Note:
a
Needle use include use for injecting drugs, vitamins, insulin, steroids; home tattooing/ body piercing
b
561 (28%) data missing