Schadler 1988.

Methods	Randomised, double blind, placebo control, 2 group crossover. Duration 14 days (˜2 weeks); 2 x 7 days (˜1 week) intervention, no washout period
Participants	Randomised n=30, Completed n=30. Mean age 66 yrs, range 45‐81 yrs. M:F 7:23. Inclusion: OA knee, hip, thumb, shoulder (criteria not specified)
Interventions	PhytodolorRN: standardised extract mixture of ash bark, aspen leaf, aspen bark, golden rod herb, 3 x 40 drops, tincture Placebo control: ingredients not reported
Outcomes	Diclofenac use, pain at rest 0‐3, pressure pain 0‐3, pain with mvt 0‐3, mobility impairment (scale not reported)
Notes	Exploratory study design; power, effect, and sample size not determined a priori. Did not report ethical oversight or compliance with guidelines. Results favour intervention (reduced used of diclofenac only, results equivocal for other outcomes).
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Described as randomised, method not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Allocation concealment not reported
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Described as double blind, method not reported. In other studies of PhytodolorRN, active intervention and placebo not distinguished by look, taste, smell or packaging
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Reported 100% compliance, no withdrawals: likely in intervention over 7 days Intention‐to‐treat analysis can be assumed
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Reported adverse events (low risk)
Other bias	Unclear risk	Criteria for diagnosis of OA not specified (unclear risk)