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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 7.
Published in final edited form as: Rev Med Virol. 2011 Jun 15;21(4):240–255. doi: 10.1002/rmv.695

Table A2.

CMV shedding prevalence according to risk group, categorized by whether single specimens (SS) or multiple specimens (MS) were used and whether they were collected at a single time point (ST) or multiple time points (MT)a

Country Demographics/Sampling Method Testing Method Specimen Type(s) Category Sample size Shedding %
Category I. Congenitally infected children
Sweden [59] 35 congenitally infected infants, ages 3 months-4 years Culture Urine SS, ST 149 84
US-Alabama [75] 38 congenitally infected infants, ages 1–4 years Culture Urine SS, ST 69 87
Category II. Healthy children enrolled in day care centers
England [98] 117 children in day nurseries over a 1-year period, 2–4 specimens per year Culture Urine SS, MT 117 27
France [65] 93 children < 1 year old in day care centers Culture Urine SS, ST 379 24
SS, MT 93 36
Italy [69] 253 children in day care centers Culture Oral secretions SS, ST 253 13
Japan [64] 54 children in day care centers PCR Oral secretions SS, ST 54 22
Mexico [77] 152 children at day care centers, sampled at 3 visits Culture Oral secretions SS, ST 127 7
SS, ST NS 5
SS, ST NS 7
SS, MT 152 11
Sweden [122] 60 children in day care centers followed 12 weeks Culture Urine SS, MT 60 27
Sweden [68] 18 children in day care centers, ages 2–3.5 years, mean follow-up of 35 weeks Culture Urine SS, ST 221 55
US-Alabama [72] Children in day care centers Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 243 32
US-Alabama [97] 188 children in day care centers Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 188 41
US-Alabama [14] Children in day care centers Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 71 51
US-Alabama [56] 103 children in day care centers, 1–3 visits each Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, MT 103 57
US-California [63] 100 children in day care centers Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 90 22
US-Iowa [66] 48 children in day care centers Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 80 21
US-Iowa [67] 79 children in day care centers followed for 2.5 years Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, MT 79 35
US-Iowa [13] 219 children in day care centers at entry Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 219 15
219 children in day care centers followed for 2.5–4.5 years Urine, oral secretions MS, MT 219 28
US-Virginia [11] 66 children in day care centers cultured 3 times Culture Urine SS, MT 66 24
US-Virginia [123] Children in day care centers at 2 time points Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 118 44
Category III. Healthy children not enrolled in day care centers
England [62] Infants without congenital CMV Culture Urine SS, ST 983 12
The Gambia [61] 178 infants Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 178 53
MS, MT 150 62
Japan [64] 61 children not in day care centers PCR Oral secretions SS, ST 61 7
Japan [88] Infants and children ages 1 month-2 years Culture Oral secretions SS, ST 290 25
Mauritius [58] 121 healthy children Culture* Urine SS, ST 121 2
Sweden [59] 50 children without congenital CMV, ages 3 months-4 years Culture Urine SS, ST 225 31
US-Alabama [57] 87 healthy infants ages 9–15 months Culture Oral secretions SS, ST 87 7
US-Alabama [56] 25 children in home care Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 25 8
US-Iowa [60] 106 children in child care homes Culture Urine SS, ST 106 8
US-New York [32] 200 healthy children Culture Urine SS, ST 200 1
US-New York [30] 38 healthy migrant children Culture Urine SS, ST 38 18
Category IV. Children with medical conditions
Denmark [89] 262 hospitalized infants, not congenitally infected Culture Urine SS, ST 262 4
England [99] Hospitalized children Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 1395 3
England [19] 309 hospitalized patients, ages 2 months-14 years Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 309 5
Finland [31] 356 hospitalized and outpatient children > 2 months of age Culture Urine SS, ST 356 26
Mauritius [58] 30 deaf children Culture Urine SS, ST 30 50
91 mentally retarded children 91 18
Sweden [90] 661 hospitalized infants Culture Urine SS, ST 661 9
US-California [63] 63 children in infant development centers Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 50 22
US-California [114] 93 infants in the intensive care unit, cultured weekly until discharge Culture Urine SS, MT 93 14
US-New York [32] 100 hospitalized children Culture Urine SS, ST 100 1
US-Texas [124] 314 hospitalized children in chronic care Culture Oral secretions, urine, genital secretions MS, ST 314 9
US-Virginia [11] 2729 hospitalized children from newborns up to 18 years old Culture Urine SS, ST 2729 5
V. Adults without CMV risk factors
Egypt [87] 50 women with recurrent abortions PCR Serum SS, ST 50 12
England [19] 402 hospitalized patients, ages 15–60+ years old Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 402 0
France [91] 231 semen donors Culture Semen SS, ST 635 1
SS, MT 231 1
PCR SS, ST 551 4
SS, MT 197 3
France [93] 97 semen donors Culture Semen SS, ST 178 3
SS, MT 97 2
PCR SS, ST 178 6
SS, MT 97 5
The Gambia [61] 178 post-partum women, average prevalence in ≥1 of 3 specimen types over 6 cross-sectional visits Urine, oral secretions, breast milk MS, ST 178 12
Greece [92] 113 men at an infertility clinic Nested PCR Semen SS, ST 113 7
Italy [82] 66 women receiving routine gynecological care PCR Genital secretions SS, ST 66 73
Italy [85] 123 patients with fever of unknown origin PCR Serum SS, ST 123 9
Japan [80] 953 blood donors PCR Blood SS, ST 953 3
Japan [81] 993 healthy pregnant women, CMV serostatus undetermined, first trimester PCR Genital secretions SS, ST 993 8
Taiwan [83] 29 post-partum women, CMV serostatus undetermined PCR Serum SS, ST 29 10
Taiwan [71] 350 pregnant women at 2 time points in the 2nd trimester, all CMV seropositive PCR Urine SS, MT 350 11
Genital secretions SS, MT 220 30
Taiwan [22] 105 non-pregnant women from an infertility clinic PCR Genital secretions SS, ST 105 8
Taiwan [95] Men and women attending infertility clinic DNA hybridization Genital secretions SS, ST 246 34
Semen SS, ST 248 34
Turkey [76] 135 pregnant women, CMV serostatus undetermined, first trimester PCR Genital secretions SS, ST 135 2
US-Alabama [86] 113 healthy, post-partum women, all CMV seropositive, mean of 4.9 specimens per woman PCR Urine, blood MS, MT 113 14
Urine SS, MT 113 8
Blood SS, MT 113 6
US-Alabama [73] 81 post-partum women, all CMV seropositive, over an average of 4 visits, with uninfected infants Culture Urine, Oral secretions, genital secretions MS, MT 81 23
US-Massachusetts [94] 241 male infertility clinic attendees PCR Semen SS, ST 241 9
US-New York [70] 181 HIV-negative, CMV-seropositive urban, minority women Culture Genital secretions SS, ST 181 4
US-Ohio [121] 710 CMV seropositive adolescent pregnant women cultured at each antenatal visit Culture Urine SS, MT 710 17
US-Texas [124] 43 nurses in chronic care Culture Oral secretions, urine, genital secretions MS, ST 43 2
76 therapists in chronic care 76 3
69 neonatal nurses 69 3
US-Virginia [12] 239 CMV seropositive day care workers, average of 3.4 culture sets per woman over two years Culture Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 239 7
MS, MT 239 11
US-Washington [125] 120 critically ill immunocompetent patients, all CMV seropositive, 1954 samples, 3 samples collected per week, median of 11 samples per patient PCR Plasma SS, MT 120 33
Category VI. Adults with CMV risk factors
Italy [82] 142 women with abnormal cytology findings PCR Genital secretions SS, ST 142 63
Malawi [126] 19 KS patients and 58 first-degree family members PCR Urine, oral secretions MS, ST 77 53
US-Alabama [73] 142 post-partum women, all CMV seropositive, over an average of 4 visits, with infected infants Culture Urine, oral secretions, genital secretions MS, MT 142 56
US-Alabama [79] 52 women who were attending an STD clinic PCR Genital secretions SS, ST 52 33
US-California [21] 206 CMV seropositive homosexual men, HIV status unknown, followed for a mean of 14.3 months Culture Urine SS, MT 206 32
US-New York [100] 30 healthy homosexual men Culture Urine, semen MS, ST 30 37
US-Washington [39] 191 CMV seropositive women attending an STD clinic, most were symptomatic, mean of 2.7 follow-up visits Culture Genital secretions SS, ST 163 38
SS, MT 191 49
US-Washington [20] 951 CMV seropositive women presenting with problems at an STD clinic Culture Urine, genital secretions MS, ST 951 17
a

Results from the category SS, ST were included in Figure 1. When SS, ST results were available for more than one specimen type they were listed in Table A1 rather than in this table.