| I. Personality & Dispositional Resources |
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| Dispositional Optimism, Hope |
Carver, Scheier, and Segerstrom (2010); Snyder (2001)
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| Big Five personality factors: Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability |
John and Srivastava (1999) |
| Positive affectivity, positive emotional resources (e.g. sense of humor) |
Fredrickson, (2001); Martin (2007); Moskowitz (2010)
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| Empathy, compassion |
Batson (1990); Goetz, Keltner, and Simon-Thomas (2010)
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| Goal oriented disposition (e.g. tenacious/persistent) |
Kumpfer and Hopkins (1993) |
| Hardiness: Commitment, Control, Challenge |
Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982) |
| Sense of Coherence: Comprehensibility, Manageability, Meaningfulness |
Antonovsky (1987) |
| II. Self and Ego-related Resources |
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| Self-esteem, self confidence, ego strength |
Block and Kremen (1996); Kashdan and Rottenberg (2010); Buhrmester, Blanton, and Swann (2011)
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| Mastery, control, personal agency (generalized expectancy that one can influence environment) |
Antonovsky (1987); Bandura (1997); Masten and Wright (2010); Rutter (1985); Ryff, 1995; Wallston (2001)
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| Self efficacy (perception that one can perform behaviors to attain desired outcomes) |
| Secure adult attachment style |
Mikulincer and Shaver (2007) |
| Diversified self image or identity/self concept flexibility/self complexity/multiple roles |
Rafaeli and Hiller (2010); Ryff (1985)
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| Autonomy, independence (to think and act on own) |
Ryff (1985, 1989)
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| III. Interpersonal and Social Resources |
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| Social network & integration, social connectedness |
House, Landis, and Umberson (1988); Berkman and Glass (2000)
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| Available support (perceived support) |
Cohen and Wills (1985); Cohen (1988); Sarason, Pierce, and Sarason (1990); Uchino (2004)
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| Social cohesion (work, family) |
Friedkin (2004); Kawachi and Berkman (2000)
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| High quality close relationships |
Proulx, Helms, and Buehler (2007); Johnson, White, Edwards, and Booth (1986); Zautra, Hall, and Murray (2010)
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| IV. World Views & Culturally-Based Beliefs and Values |
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| Spirituality/religious beliefs and practices |
Hill and Pargament (2003); Ryff, Singer, and Palmersheim (2004)
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| World assumptions (e.g. benevolence, justice, meaningfulness) |
Janoff-Bulman (1992); Johnson, Hill, and Cohen (2011); Masten and Wright (2010)
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| Purpose in life, commitment |
Antonovsky (1987); Kobasa et al. (1982); Ryff (1995)
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| Collectivism/familism |
Cohen (2009); Gaines et al. (1997); Sabogal, Marin, Otero-Sabogal, Marin, and Perez-Stable (1987); Triandis (1995)
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| V. Behavioral & Cognitive Skills |
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| Relaxation skills (e.g. mindfulness, meditation) |
Brown, Ryan, and Creswell (2007) |
| Active or proactive coping skills or style (problem solving, planning, approach coping) |
Aspinwall (2011); Aspinwall and Taylor (1997); Lazarus and Folkman (1984); Rutter (1985)
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| Cognitive reappraisal or reframing ability ‘positive coping’ |
Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) |
| Coping diagnostic skills and flexibility |
Cheng (2003); Fresco, Williams, and Nugent (2006)
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| Social skills (e.g. communication, support seeking) |
Kumpfer and Hopkins (1993); Wills and DePaulo (1991)
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| Emotion regulation or management skills (e.g. emotional approach coping skill) |
Kumpfer and Hopkins (1993); Stanton (2011)
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| Behavioral and cognitive flexibility |
Fresco et al. (2006) |
| VI. Other Resources |
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| Social position & SES: Income, financial resources, wealth, education; social capital |
Adler et al. (1994); Adler et al. (1999)
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| Intelligence (in multiple forms such as insight, creativity, high cognitive functioning) |
Kaplan (1999); Kumpfer and Hopkins (1993); Masten and Wright (2010); Zautra, Hall, et al. (2010)
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| Genetic predisposition to good health/healthy constitution (e.g. low disease risk, strong immune system) |
Kaplan (1999); Zautra, Hall, et al. (2010)
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| Temperament (calm, stable) |
Garmezy (1993); Werner and Smith (1982)
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| Healthy behavioral practices (diet, physical activity, abstinence from substances, safe sex practices) |
Zautra, Hall, et al. (2010) |
| Physical fitness (endurance, strength, flexibility) & vitality, energy |
Zautra, Hall, et al. (2010) |
| Past instructive experience with adversity, biological toughness |
Dienstbier and Zillig (2009); Seery, Holman, and Silver (2010)
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