Table 2.

Main clinical presentations of Kingella kingae infection

Clinical presentation	Characteristic
Occult bacteremia	Mainly in children aged <5 years, more common in males, sometimes with a maculopapular rash
Osteoarticular infection	Generally characterised by mild to moderate clinical and radiological manifestations, limited inflammatory response, mainly in the long bones or in bones that are not infected by other organisms (i.e., calcaneus, talus, sternum, and clavicle)
Septic arthritis	Mainly in the large weight-hearing joints, limited clinical evidence, limited inflammatory response
Spondylodiscitis	Mainly in children aged <5 years,, mild to moderate signs in the lumbar intervertebral spaces
Endocarditis	Most severe manifestation of K. kingae infection, characterised by fever >39 °C and increased inflammatory markers, possibility of embolic complications with severe neurologic consequences as well as valvular insufficiency, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary infarction and paravalvular abscesses
Meningitis	Mainly in adolescents
Lower respiratory tract infection	Rare