Table 1.
Bivariate analyses of factors associated with HF clinic use, according to Andersen’s Model (N=270§)
| HF clinic use | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Yes 35 (12.9%) | No 235 (86.7%) | ||
| Predisposing Factors | |||
| Age, mean yrs (SD) | 67.8 (12.2) | 67.3 (11.5) | 0.82 |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 9 (25.7) | 60 (25.5) | 0.98 |
| White ethnocultural background, n (%) | 32 (94.1) | 187 (83.5) | 0.11 |
| Education, completed high school, n (%) | 30 (90.9) | 156 (68.1) | <0.01 |
| Retired, n (%) | 18 (54.5) | 129 (56.8) | 0.81 |
| Family income < $50,000CAD, n (%) | 14 (51.9) | 114 (61.3) | 0.35 |
| Depression (BDI-II), mean (SD) | 10.7 (8.0) | 10.8 (8.7) | 0.99 |
| Enabling Factors | |||
| Rural living, n (%) | 6 (17.1) | 42 (17.9) | 0.92 |
| Married, n (%) | 27 (79.4) | 161 (69.7) | 0.24 |
| Stress (PSS), mean (SD) | 13.8 (6.1) | 16.3 (6.9) | 0.06 |
| Social support (ESSI), mean (SD) | 29.5 (5.6) | 28.5 (6.6) | 0.42 |
| Living with family, n (%) | 29 (85.3) | 174 (76.0) | 0.20 |
| Need Factors | |||
| Index Cardiac condition/procedure, n (%) | |||
| MI | 13 (38.2) | 65 (27.9) | 0.22 |
| PCI | 6 (17.6) | 50 (21.4) | 0.62 |
| CABG | 16 (47.1) | 71 (30.3) | 0.05 |
| Arrhythmia/pacemaker | 8 (23.5) | 55 (23.5) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 17 (48.6) | 80 (34.6) | 0.11 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 28 (82.4) | 158 (73.8) | 0.29 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 25 (86.2) | 140 (73.7) | 0.15 |
| Smoker, current, n (%) | 2 (6.1) | 23 (10.1) | 0.46 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.6 (6.1) | 28.4 (6.7) | 0.53 |
| LVEF < 40%, n (%) | 21 (84.0) | 81 (51.3) | <0.01 |
| NYHA class III-IV, n (%) | 5 (55.6) | 65 (67.7) | 0.46 |
| History of cardiac disease, n (%) | 26 (74.3) | 152 (68.2) | 0.47 |
| Comorbid conditions, mean count (SD) | 1.8 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.6) | 0.44 |
| Functional status (DASI), mean (SD) | 19.7 (11.8) | 24.1 (15.1) | 0.10 |
| Physical activity (PASE), mean (SD) | 64.2 (72.9) | 61.3 (68.6) | 0.83 |
| Number of visits to a heart specialist in the last year, mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.4) | 0.30 |
| Number of visits a GP in the last year, mean (SD) | 8.3 (10.2) | 7.6 (6.6) | 0.59 |
| ED admission for cardiac care in the last year, n (%) | 17 (50.0) | 103 (45.4) | 0.71 |
| Hospital cardiac readmission in the last year, n (%) | 14 (42.4) | 96 (42.7) | 0.98 |
| Health system level factors‡ | |||
| Referral to other DMPs, n (%) | 33 (94.3) | 161 (68.5) | 0.001 |
| Referral to CR, n (%) | 26 (76.5) | 132 (57.6) | 0.04 |
| Referral to a diabetes outpatient clinic, n (%) | 11 (32.4) | 36 (15.3) | 0.01 |
| Referral to OT or PT, n (%) | 10 (30.3) | 34 (15.6) | <0.01 |
| Referral to a stroke clinic, n (%) | 1 (3.3) | 9 (4.5) | 0.90 |
| Referral to a dietitian, n (%) | 22 (64.7) | 80 (36.4) | <0.01 |
| Referral to a smoking program, n (%) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (1.8) | <0.01 |
HF clinic data is missing for 1 participant and could not be verified.
Hospital Level variables were included in the multivariate analysis only, because bivariate analyses do not take into account the clustering of patients within hospitals.
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; DASI, Duke Activity Status Index; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; ESSI, Enriched Social Support Inventory; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; IPQ-R, Illness Perceptions Questionnaire – Revised; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; GP, general practitioner; ED, emergency department; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; OT, occupational therapy; PT, physical therapy; DMPs, disease management programs