Table 1.

Summary of pharmacogenomic studies of ALL treatment.

Drugs	Gene	Effect	Reference
L-asparaginase	GRIA1	hypersensitivity	[23]
	HLA-DRB*0701	hypersensitivity	[106]
	ASNS	resistance	[19, 20, 22]
	ATF5	relapse	[21]
Glucocorticoid	IL-10	drug efficacy	[31]
	GST	drug efficacy, infection	[32, 33]
	SWI/SNF	drug resistance	[34, 43]
	NOTCH pathway	drug sensitivity	[35]
	XIAP	drug resistance	[37]
	TBL1XR1	drug resistance	[107]
	EMP1	drug resistance	[108]
	CRHR1	osteoporosis	[41]
	TYMS	osteonecrosis	[44]
	PAI-1	osteonecrosis	[45]
	ACP1	osteonecrosis	[46]
	AHSG, IL-6, POLDIP3	sleep disturbance	[47]
6-MP	TPMT	myelosuppression, brain tumor	[50, 51]
	ITPA	drug clearance, toxicity	[53, 55–59]
MTX	RFC-1/SLC19A1	resistance	[61–64]
	SLCO1B1	GI toxicity, drug clearance	[65, 67–70]
	MTHFR	MTX level, neurotoxicity, relapse	[65, 72–77]
	TYMS	relapse	[79–81]
	DHFR	resistance	[82]
	ABCC	resistance	[83]
	DROSHA	GI toxicity	[84]
Vincristine	CYP3A5	neuropathy	[88]
	CEP72	neuropathy	[92]
TKIs	IKZF1	heterogeneous response	[96]
	CYP3A4/5	drug efficacy	[98, 99]
	CYP2D6*4	adverse effect	[101]
	ABCG2421A	adverse effect	[102]

GRIA1, glutamate AMPA receptor subunit 1 gene; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ASNS, asparagines synthetase gene; ATF5, activating transcription factor 5 gene; IL, interleukin gene; GST, glutathione-S-transferase gene; SWI/SNF, SWItch/Sucrose Non Fermentable nucleosome complex gene; XIAP, X-linked inhibition of apoptosis protein gene; TBL1XR1, transducin beta-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 gene; EMP1, epithelial membrane protein 1 gene; CRHR1, corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; ACP1, acid phosphatase 1 gene; AHSG, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein gene; POLDIP3, polymerase delta interacting protein 3 gene; TPMT, thiopurine methyltransferase gene; ITPA, inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase gene; RFC-1/SLC19A1, reduced folate carrier 1 or solute carrier family 19 member 1 gene; SLCO1B1, solute carrier organic anion transporter 1B1 gene; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene; TYMS, thymidylate synthase gene; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase gene; ABCC, ATP-binding cassette sub-family C gene; DROSHA, RNAse III gene; IKZF1, Ikaros family zinic finger protein 1 gene; CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes gene; ABCG, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G gene; CEP72, centrosomal protein of 72 kDa.