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. 2015 Jun 2;5(2):311–343. doi: 10.3390/metabo5020311

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Culturing methods used in laboratory evolution experiments. (a) Serial propagation in batch, where after a certain period of growth in suspension, cells are diluted into fresh medium and the cycle is repeated; (b) Serial propagation in emulsion, where single cells are compartmentalized in a water-in-oil emulsion, thereby privatizing the resources. Each cell is now allowed to deplete the resources before the cells are mixed, diluted and a new emulsion is made. This cycle is subsequently repeated; (c) During chemostat culturing, a continuous inflow and outflow of medium ensure constant growth rate and conditions for the cell population. In all figures the different colours indicate different genotypes.