Table 1. Quantitative trait loci for size and strength mapped in rats.
| Chr | Phenotypea | Bone | Peak or confidence interval (cM)b | Genderc | Strains | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Flexural strength | Tibia | 17–42 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 54 |
| 1 | Cortical area | Tibia | 10–59 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 1 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Tibia | 10–59 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 1 | Flexural stiffness | Tibia | 18–43 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 54 |
| 1 | Cortical area | Tibia | 36–93 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 1 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Tibia | 36–93 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 1 | Flexural strength | Femur | 101.4 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 1 | Cortical area | Tibia | 95–124 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 1 | Polar 2nd moment area | Femur | 110 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 1 | Total area | Femur | 111 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 1 | Cortical area | Femur | 112 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 1 | Neck width | Femur Neck | 113 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 1 | Flexural strength | Femur | 114 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 1 | Fracture energy | Femur | 114 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 1 | Fracture force | Femur Neck | 114 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 1 | Flexural stiffness | Femur | 117 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 2 | Fracture | Femur | 36 | Male | COPxDA | 58 |
| Force | Neck | Female | 58 | |||
| 2 | Fracture energy | Femur neck | 88 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 2 | Flexural strength | Femur | 102.2 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 2 | Fracture energy | Femur | 102.2 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 2 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 102.2 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 2 | Cortical area | Femur | 102.2 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 3 | Cortical area | Tibia | 9–42 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 4 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur neck | 27.2–48.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 59 |
| 4 | Fracture force | Femur neck | 27.2–48.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 59 |
| 4 | Fracture energy | Femur neck | 27.2–48.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 59 |
| 4 | Total area | Femur neck | 27.2–48.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 59 |
| 4 | Neck width | Femur neck | 27.2–55.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 59 |
| 4 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 34–55 | Male | PxNP | 38 |
| 4 | Flexural strength | Femur | 34–55 | Male | PxNP | 38 |
| 4 | Fracture force | Femur neck | 34–55 | Male | PxNP | 38 |
| 4 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 57.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 4 | Cortical area | Femur | 57.7 | Female | F344xLEW | 58 |
| 4 | Fracture force | Femur neck | 87 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 5 | Cortical area | Femur neck | 3 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 5 | Cortical area | Tibia | 0–12 | Male and Female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 5 | Flexural strength | Femur | 68.3 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 5 | Fracture energy | Femur | 68.3 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 5 | Flexural stiffness | Femur | 68.3 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 5 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 68.3 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 5 | Cortical area | Femur | 68.3 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 5 | Flexural strength | Femur | 84 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 6 | Cortical area | Femur | 16 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 6 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 20 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 6 | Total area | Femur | 20 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 6 | Bone area (longitudinal) | Tibia | 30–60 | Male | GKxF344 | 54 |
| 7 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 31 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 7 | Total area | Femur | 37 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 7 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 40 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 7 | Total area | Femur neck | 52 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 7 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur neck | 53 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 8 | Bone area (longitudinal) | Tibia | 43–59 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 54 |
| 10 | Fracture energy | Femur | 8 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 10 | Cortical area | Tibia | 5–18 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 10 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Tibia | 5–18 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 10 | Total area | Femur neck | 13 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 10 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur neck | 43 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 10 | Compression strength | L5 | 58.5 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 10 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 73 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 10 | Total area | Femur | 73 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 12 | Total area | Femur neck | 43 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 13 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 41 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 13 | Total area | Femur | 41 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 15 | Flexural strength | Tibia | 10–32 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 54 |
| 15 | Fracture energy | Tibia | 25–37 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 54 |
| 15 | Cortical area | Femur | 32 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 15 | Fracture force | Femur neck | 36 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 15 | Fracture energy | Femur neck | 36 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 15 | Cortical area | Tibia | 55–69 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 15 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 65.3 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| 17 | Cortical area | Femur neck | 21 | Male and female | COPxDA | 58 |
| 18 | Cortical area | Tibia | 21–31 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 55 |
| 18 | Polar 2nd moment of area | Femur | 29 | Male and female | COPxDA | 57 |
| 19 | Compression strength | L5 | 5.2 | Female | F344xLEW | 56 |
| X | Bone area (longitudinal) | Tibia | 52–74 | Male and female | GKxF344 | 54 |
aMechanical integrity phenotypes were derived from long bone 3-point bending (flexure) tests or combined compression bending for the femoral neck. Mechanical phenotypes for flexure tests include whole bone flexural strength, stiffness and fracture energy. Phenotypes for femoral neck and vertebrae include fracture force and energy. Phenotypes describing long bone size and shape include bone width, cross-sectional total and cortical areas, and cross-sectional polar 2nd moment of area (the geometrical measure of bone strength and stiffness). No phenotypes are reported for bone matrix (material) mechanical integrity.
bAs provided in the literature. When more than one model was calculated, the peak for at the maximum LOD is provided.
cIndicates gender of animals phenotyped. Not specificity of the locus.