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Model of AR-SMAD interaction. Aldose reductase binding to NADPH induces a conformational change that exposes a SMAD binding domain. Under TGF-β2 treatment, AR-NADPH binary complex binds to SMADs (A). However, Sorbinil binding to AR blocks the SMADs binding domain of AR, preventing their interaction at the TGF-β2 receptor (B).
