Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| p Value |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHF/DM (n = 18) |
CHF/IR (n = 31) |
CHF/No-IR (n = 47) |
IR vs. No-IR | IR vs. DM | No IR vs. DM | |
| Age, yrs | 56.6 ± 9.9 | 51.6 ± 14.0 | 52.1 ± 12.0 | 0.871 | 0.186 | 0.125 |
| Male | 15 (83) | 20 (65) | 30 (65) | 0.950 | 0.160 | 0.168 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.3 ± 3.8 | 33.2 ± 6.5 | 25.6 ± 3.9 | <0.001* | 0.540* | <0.001* |
| Beta-blocker | 16 (89) | 28 (90) | 44 (96) | 0.560 | 0.624 | 0.189 |
| CHF etiology | 0.740 | 0.142 | 0.291 | |||
| Ischemic | 9 (50) | 9 (29) | 16 (33) | |||
| Nonischemic | 9 (50) | 22 (71) | 31 (67) | |||
| LVEF, % | 19.8 ± 8.7 | 25.8 ± 10.6 | 24.4 ± 10.8 | 0.620* | 0.042* | 0.103* |
| pVO2, ml/kg/min | 14.4 ± 4.6 | 15.6 ± 3.8 | 18.2 ± 5.7 | 0.001* | 0.152* | 0.004* |
| pVO2, l/min | 1.37 ± 0.51 | 1.58 ± 0.57 | 1.36 ± 0.52 | 0.089* | 0.255* | 0.958* |
| RER, beats/min | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 1.06 ± 0.10 | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 0.972 | 0.708* | 0.972 |
| Resting HR | 75 ± 12 | 73 ± 12 | 69 ± 14 | 0.148 | 0.667 | 0.113 |
| Peak HR | 116 ± 20 | 120 ± 21 | 126 ± 24 | 0.311 | 0.400* | 0.056* |
Values are mean ± SD or n (%). For comparison of quantitative variables between groups, we used the Student t test except as noted. For comparison of categorical variables between groups, we used the chi-square test, with the Fisher exact test when appropriate.
*
Mann-Whitney U test used for the comparison.
BMI = body mass index; CHF = congestive heart failure; DM = diabetes mellitus; HR = heart rate; IR = insulin resistance; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; pVO2 = peak oxygen consumption; RER = respiratory exchange ratio.