Table 4.
Comparison of early poxvirus-induced immune responses to selected innate molecular signatures of existing vaccine vectors. Differences in Log2 Fold Changes (between each virus and the control) are depicted
| description | MVA | LSDV | CNPV | FWPV | PEPV | FeP2 | Evidence | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innate immune response | |||||||||
| Pathogen recognition | |||||||||
| Tlr13 | toll-like receptor 13 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.0 | - | ||
| Tlr3 | toll-like receptor 3 | 1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | - | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Tlr7 | toll-like receptor 7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | - | - | YF-17D, LAIV | [20, 21] |
| Tlr8 | toll-like receptor 8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 | - | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Tlr11 | toll-like receptor 11 | −1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Ddx58 (RIG-I) | RIG-I-like receptor | - | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | YF-17D | [20] |
| Cd209a (DC SIGN) | CD209a antigen | −1.7 | −2.2 | −1.1 | −1.5 | - | - | ||
| Cd209b (DC SIGN) | CD209b antigen | −1.2 | −1.3 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Ifih1 (MDA5) | RIG-I-like receptor | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | - | YF-17D | [20] |
| Zbp1 (DAI) | cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA sensor | 1.9 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | - | - | ||
| Dhx58 (LGP2) | RIG-I-like receptor | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | - | - | YF-17D | [20] |
| Eif2ak2 (PKR) | eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (protein kinase R) | 1.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | - | - | YF-17D | [20] |
| Genes associated with the innate immune response of viral vectors | |||||||||
| Cxcl10 (IP-10) | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 | 2.7 | 3 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 1.7 | - | Significantly upregulated in response to YF-17D, Merck Ad5/HIV, TIV | [20−22] |
| Mx1 | myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3 | 2.8 | - | - | YF-17D | [20] |
| Il-1α | interleukin 1 alpha | 1.9 | 2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.8 | - | Significantly upregulated in response to YF-17D | |
| Isg15 | ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | - | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Stat1 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | YF-17D, Merck Ad5/HIV, LAIV | [20−22] |
| Cxcl11 (I-TAC) | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 1.5 | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Ccr5 | chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | - | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Gbp7 | guanylate binding protein 7 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.7 | - | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Irf1 | interferon regulatory factor 1 | - | 1.3 | - | 1.1 | - | - | Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
| Stat2 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | - | - | LAIV | [21] |
| Irf7 | interferon regulatory factor 7 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 1.1 | - | - | LAIV | [21] |
| Casp1 | caspase 1 | 1.1 | - | 1.2 | 1.1 | - | - | ||
| Adaptive immune response | |||||||||
| B cell related responses | |||||||||
| Ighg | Immunoglobulin heavy chain (gamma polypeptide) | - | - | 1.5 | 1.6 | - | - | ||
| Ighg3 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 | - | - | 1.3 | 1.2 | - | - | TIV, correlated with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection in the RV144 trial ALVAC-HIV(vCP1521) | |
| Ighm | immunoglobulin heavy constant mu | - | - | 1.1 | - | - | - | positively correllates with antibody response to TIV | [21] |
| Igk | immunoglobulin kappa chain complex | - | −1.0 | - | - | - | - | positively correllates with antibody response to TIV | [21] |
| T cell related responses | |||||||||
| Gzmb | granzyme B | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 2.4 | - | expressed by CD8+ T cells in response to YF-17D | [20] |
| Ccr5 | chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | - | - | expressed by CD8+ T cells in esponse to YF-17D | [20] |
| Ccl2 (MCP1) | chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.8 | - | predicted the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response to Merck Ad5/HIV | [22] |
HIV human immunodeficiency virus, LAIV live attenuated influenza vaccine, TIV trivalent influenza vaccine, YF-17D Yellow fever vaccine, Merck Ad5/HIV Merck’s Adenovirus subtype 5-based HIV vaccine