Fig 12. Neandertals from the time of emergence of the Uluzzian and age of Europe’s earliest moderns.

The distributions correspond to the 95.4% probability intervals of radiocarbon dates calibrated with the INTCAL13 curve using OxCal v.4.2.4 [81,82]. The start date for the Uluzzian is that obtained for the site of Fumane, the best constrained of those modelled in ref. [17]. The LKH-1 Neandertal was found 20 cm above the charcoal sample that yielded the RTT-3847 result, which therefore represents the fossil’s maximum age [77]. The dates for the Oase, Vindija and Neandertal fossils are drawn from refs. [76,78,79]. When the Uluzzian emerged in Italy, the adjacent land to the East, Northeast and North was inhabited by Neandertals, not modern humans.