Table 3.

GM-1 ganglioside

Authors Year Country Score Research Design Sample Size	Methods	Outcomes	Side Effects
Walker & Harris 1993 USA PEDro = 6 RCT N=9 Combined with standard PT	Population: 9 subjects with incomplete SCI; age 21–44 yrs; C5-L1 lesion level; 18 months to 13 yrs post-injury. Treatment: Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study design: Intravenous GM-1 ganglioside or placebo + 2 hr gait training, 6 times/week for 2 months, followed by switch of drug administration (total 4 months). All subjects given 6 months of PT before trial. Outcome measures: Motor scores, walking distance, and velocity.	Two subjects dropped out due to reasons not related to study. Significant improvement in motor scores at the end of the study with no placebo effects. Significant improvement in walking distance and speed. Subjects given GM-1 ganglioside first even continued to improve after switch to placebo.	None reported.