Table 4.

Baclofen

Authors Year Country Score Research Design Sample Size	Methods	Outcomes	Side Effects
Azouvi et al. 1996 France Downs & Black = 11 Prospective pre-post N = 18 Not combined with training	Population: 12 of 18 subjects with SCI (Frankel A-D); age 21–59; C4-T11 lesion level; 0.5–27 years post-injury. Treatment: Implanted intrathecal baclofen pump. 17 patients had an electronically driven programmable pump filled with 18 cc of 500 or 2000 ug/cc baclofen delivered by continuous infusion or by intermittent bolus. One patient had a manually operated pump delivering a bolus of 50 ug. Follow up assessment was 6–72 months after implantation. Outcome Measures: Ashworth scale, spasm frequency scores, FIM. No statistical analysis on FIM walking score.	One patient’s treatment interrupted after 9 months due to severe side effects, another patient withdrew due to reasons not related to the study. In 5 patients, FIM walking score improved (3.6 ± 0.87 to 5.8 ± 0.2 at 6 months), 2 patients acquired ability to climb stairs. Ashworth scale and spasm frequency scores were significantly less at 6 months.	Two subjects experienced severe side effects related to baclofen overdose, resulting in hospitalization. One subject withdrew from the study and the other continued in the study without side effects using a lower dosage of baclofen.
Norman et al. 1998 Canada Downs & Black = 13 Pre-post N=12	See Table 1A