Figure 3. Hsp90 is a central hub to bladder cancer signaling.

Hsp90 is a critical signaling hub in the etiopathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma. Hsp90 clients include tumor suppressors, oncogenes, growth factors, cell cycle regulators, histone modifying enzymes, and signal transducers [21, 49–55, 57, 58, 60–62]. All of the listed genes are subject to mutation, gene amplification, or deletion in urothelial carcinoma and are Hsp90 client proteins.