TABLE 5.

Comparison of Group Means Between Current Study and Similar Studies Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analyses of Levator Muscle Morphology^*

Parameter	Present Study, mm (N = 10)	Ettema et al. (2002), mm (N = 5)	Perry (2011), mm (N = 4)	Ha et al. (2007), mm (N = 4)	Tian et al. (2010), mm (N = 12)
Levator muscle length	47.46	46.4	45.6	41	—
Origin to origin	56.01	54.6	—	53	60.92
Extravelar length		—	—	—
Right	30.55				32.97
Left	30.01				33.20
Distance between 2 points where muscle bundles insert into velum	26.23	—	—	—	24.99

^*Values reported under Ettema et al. (2002) represent the mean for Caucasian subjects only. Values reported under Tian et al. (2010) represent the mean for 12 adult Chinese subjects (male and female) because values are not reported by gender. Ha et al. (2007) represent the mean for four male subjects with repaired cleft palate. Note that not all studies measured the muscle at each point related to the present study.