Extended Data Table 1.

a: Semi-quantitative measurements of α-MSH immunoreactivity (see Extended Data Fig. 3a–d, i).
α-MSH in PVN	Total number	Total area	Mean area
VEHI	277.5±21	392.9±30.4	41691±3627
60 min ACEA	235.5±34	327.1±56	33244±5291
90 min ACEA	284±26.5	377.6±41.3	39751±3861

b: Semi-quantitative measurements of β-endorphin immunoreactivity (see Extended Data Fig. 3e–h, j;
β-END in PVN	Total number	Total area	Mean area
VEHI	134.9±12.4	289.9±28.2	8774±1048
60 min ACEA	348.5±44***	863.2±103.6***	18468±813.5***
90 min ACEA	201.2±18.3*	446.8±42.4*	12935±1362*

^**P<0.01,

^***P<0.001 vs. VEHI).