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Biomarkers of biological effect with statistically significant differences between tobacco consumption groups in all three data sets. Results are fold-differences (i.e. multiplicative factors to the geometric mean) and 95% confidence intervals between exposure groups from Data set 1. Statistically significant = 95% confidence interval did not include 1.00. SMK, cigarette smokers; STC, smokeless tobacco consumers; NTC, non-consumers of tobacco.
