Table 1.
Clinical characteristic of study cohorts
| GHD (cohort 1) | 5 y follow-up (cohort 2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| controls (n = 17) | GHD real follow-up (n = 9) | GHD entire cohort (n = 17) | controls (n = 17) | GH treated real follow-up (n = 9) | GH treated entire cohort (n = 17) | |
| gender (M/F) | 11/6 | 6/3 | 11/6 | 11/6 | 6/3 | 11/6 |
| age (years) | 30.9 ± 1.6 | 33.6 ± 2.9 | 30.9 ± 1.9 | 34.8 ± 2.0 | 39.4 ± 2.9 | 35.8 ± 2.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 1.1 | 27.7 ± 1.6 | 26.7 ± 1.2 | 26.1 ± 1.4 | 30.8 ± 1.8 | 27.4 ± 1.4 |
| body fat (%) | – | – | – | 24.5 ± 2.4 | 33.8 ± 4.1 | 29.4 ± 2.8 |
| waist circumference (cm) | 88.5 ± 3.5 | 100.0 ± 2.8 | 95.6 ± 3.5 | 94.3 ± 4.9 | 103.7 ± 4.5 | 94.7 ± 3.7 |
| SAT (cm2) | 198.5 ± 32.8 | 288.3 ± 41.0 | 265.5 ± 31.2 | 238.4 ± 28.9 | 320.6 ± 56.4 | 256.8 ± 35.2 |
| VAT (cm2) | 88.9 ± 21.0 | 132.2 ± 15.8 | 113.5 ± 11.3 | 87.4 ± 27.5 | 144.2 ± 29.7 | 115.9 ± 18.0 |
| adipocyte diameter (μm) | 86.8 ± 3.6 | 113.1 ± 5.7a | 114.0 ± 4.2a | 94.4 ± 5.7 | 101.8 ± 5.3# | 98.8 ± 3.8b |
| growth hormone (ng/mL) | 2.11 ± 0.73 | 0.28 ± 0.12a | 0.18 ± 0.02a | – | – | – |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 207.2 ± 18.5 | 42.2 ± 12.3a | 39.5 ± 8.7a | 153.8 ± 11.8 | 114.1 ± 17.3b | 116.4 ± 15.3b |
| triglycerides (mM) | 1.01 ± 0.14 | 1.98 ± 0.35a | 1.73 ± 0.20a | 1.07 ± 0.11 | 1.64 ± 0.21 | 1.33 ± 0.14 |
| FFA fasted state (mM) | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.10 | 1.16 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.11b |
| FFA during EHC (mM) | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.09a | 0.35 ± 0.06a | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.02a,b | 0.04 ± 0.01a,b |
| M-value/insulin(mg/kgBW/min/insulin μU/ml) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a |
| fasting glycemia (mM) | 4.89 ± 0.11 | 4.90 ± 0.12 | 4.90 ± 0.11 | 4.64 ± 0.15 | 5.07 ± 0.22 | 4.77 ± 0.15 |
| 2h glycemia, oGTT (mM) | 6.27 ± 0.30 | 7.69 ± 0.49a | 7.94 ± 0.44a | 5.86 ± 0.38 | 6.53 ± 0.61b | 6.02 ± 0.41b |
| AUC glucose, oGTT | 26.37 ± 0.82 | 30.44 ± 1.75 | 31.01 ± 1.42a | 25.55 ± 1.39 | 28.13 ± 1.46 | 25.96 ± 1.24b |
| insulinemia (mU/l) | 6.03 ± 1.28 | 6.46 ± 1.07 | 5.91 ± 0.90 | 6.00 ± 0.90 | 11.94 ± 1.75 | 8.97 ± 1.24 |
The “real follow-up” group is represented by 9 individuals who underwent clinical phenotyping both before and after 5 y of rhGH replacement. The entire cohort includes also 8 GHD individuals phenotyped in 2006 and matching GHD patients who were phenotyped in 2011–2012 after 5 y of rhGH supplementation. GHD, growth hormone deficiency; EHC, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp; oGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SAT, subcutaneous adiposity; VAT, visceral adiposity; Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, significant differences from acontrol and bGHD patients are marked in bold; P < 0.05; # p = 0.056.