Effects of FBXO31 on metastasis and invasion of lung cancer cells. (A and B) Enforced expression of FBXO31 promotes (A) and silencing FBXO31 inhibits (B) metastasis of A549 cells. Cells were plated in 6-well plates, transfected as indicated. Monolayer was then disrupted with a cell scraper (1 mm width), and photographs were taken at 0, 6, 24 and 48 h in a phase-contrast microscope. Experiments were carried out in triplicate, and four fields of each plate were recorded. (C and D) Enforced expression of FBXO31 promotes (C) and silencing FBXO31 inhibits (D) invasion of A549 cells. The cells that invasion through the pores to the lower surface of the filter were stained with crystal violet and counted under a microscope. The values obtained were calculated by averaging the total number of cells from three separate experiments. Columns, mean of three separate experiments; bars, SD. *P < 0.05.