Dietary nitrate and nitrite levels for newborns and adults. (a) Daily dietary nitrate ingestion, normalized for body weight, is shown for newborns and adults, based on a mean (±SEM) of reported concentrations in breast milk and formula (for newborns) (8–10) and a typical adult diet (4). (b,c) Nitrate and nitrite concentrations in total parenteral nutrition (TPN), fresh and freeze-thawed breast milk, freeze-thawed colostrum, and a convenience sample of artificial milk formulas. (Figure adapted from Jones et al., 2014 (10).)