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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Comp Educ Rev. 2014 May 8;58(3):509–536. doi: 10.1086/676828

Table 1.

Observed Educational Attainment by Two Aspects of Rural-Urban Divide

Variable At-birth Hukou Pre-tertiary School

Urban Rural Urban Rural
Educational attainment
 No formal schooling 0.010 0.108 0.009 0.119
 Primary school 0.078 0.319 0.051 0.363
 Junior high school 0.285 0.319 0.235 0.356
 Senior high school 0.360 0.163 0.398 0.117
 Tertiary 0.267 0.091 0.308 0.045
Family origin
 Parental education (years) 7.145 4.297 7.295 3.894
 Parental professional occupation 0.376 0.099 0.353 0.086
 Parent died by 14 0.091 0.107 0.075 0.119
 Parent party membership 0.195 0.112 0.198 0.101
Individual characteristics
 Male 0.500 0.469 0.508 0.460
 First or only child 0.401 0.292 0.400 0.281
Cohort
 Born 1944–1960 0.355 0.329 0.302 0.363
 Born 1961–1970 0.265 0.300 0.258 0.309
 Born 1971–1986 0.380 0.370 0.441 0.328
Region
 Eastern 0.449 0.295 0.410 0.305
 Central 0.356 0.445 0.372 0.444
 Western 0.195 0.260 0.218 0.251
 Lived in a different region by 14 0.112 0.283 0.204 0.238
 n 1766 3421 2093 3094

Source: Authors’ compilation using CGSS 2008.