Table 3. Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Stroke (Included Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Stroke) between COPD Patients with or without Using the Five Categories of Inhaled Pharmacotherapy during Three-Year Follow-up (N = 10,413).
| Medication | N | Adjusted HR b | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMA | 2019 | 0.80 | 0.64–0.99 | 0.045 |
| SABA | 2345 | 1.32 | 1.08–1.62 | 0.007 |
| LAMA a | 607 | 0.92 | 0.66–1.28 | 0.640 |
| LABA a | 118 | 0.90 | 0.44–1.82 | 0.773 |
| LABA plus ICS a | 1559 | 0.77 | 0.61–0.97 | 0.028 |
Abbreviation: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SAMA = shorting-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA = short-acting β-agonists; LAMA = long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LABA = long-acting β-agonists; ICS = inhaled corticosteroid; HR = hazard ratio.
aA brief use of SABA or SAMA on demand for acute exacerbation is allowed.
bAdjustments for patient’s age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease and diabetes.