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. 2015 Jan 1;4(1):89–96. doi: 10.1089/biores.2014.0032

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© Ching-Ming Yang et al. 2015; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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FIG. 4. — Possible mechanisms for the enhanced autophagy in ADSCs grown on CS substrates. CS substrates may upregulate Ulk1, Atg13, and Ambra1 mRNA expression. These proteins are inactivated in basal conditions, while upon H₂O₂ stimulation, the autophagy-initiating complex may be activated to enhance the autophagy of ADSCs to protect them against oxidative stress.