Table 4. PERMANOVA analysis to examine effects of habitat, site and activity (and their interaction) on composition of macrofauna on carbonate rocks at Costa Rica seeps.

Comparisons were made for all rocks at all sites (upper) and for those at site > 900 m (lower), where both active and inactive areas co-occurred.

ALL ROCKS
Source	df	SS	MS	Pseudo-F	P
Habitat	4	17078	4269.6	1.48	0.01
Site	4	28898	7224.6	2.50	0.00
Habitat * Site	5	15996	3199.2	1.11	0.23
Residuals	27	78121	2893.4
Site	5	33362	6672.5	2.30	0.00
Activity	1	4949.6	4949.6	1.70	0.02
Site * Activity	3	12232	4077.3	1.40	0.02
Residuals	31	90059	2905.1
>900m
Source	df	SS	MS	Pseudo-F	P
Habitat	4	17290	4322.5	1.53	0.00
Site	3	16211	5403.7	1.92	0.00
Habitat * Site	5	16085	3217	1.14	0.18
Residuals	21	59241	2821
Site	3	16570	5523.2	1.90	0.00
Activity	1	4949.6	4949.6	1.71	0.02
Site * Activity	3	12232	4077.3	1.41	0.01
Residuals	26	75388	2899.5