Figure 2. Comparison of the stacked loess records of the East Asian winter monsoon with the global paleoclimate records.

a−e, Northern Hemisphere records. a, stacked grain-size GT32 record of East Asian winter monsoon. b, Benthic δ¹³C records from ODP 980¹⁸,¹⁹. c, Si/Sr ratio, reflecting layers that are poor in biogenic carbonate and relatively rich in detrital silicate minerals at IODP U1308 within the IRD belt⁵. d and e, Carbonate content and surface sea temperature (SST) in winter season from DSDP 607, respectively⁴. f, Tropical SST stack³⁴. g−j, Southern Hemisphere records. g, Bottom water temperature (BWT) record from Mg/Ca of ODP 1123⁸. h and i, Benthic δ¹³C²³ and mass accumulation rate (MAR) of eolian iron flux²⁴ from ODP 1090, respectively. j, Air temperature changes from EPICA ice core³. k, Antarctic CO₂ concentation record⁶⁰. l, Benthic δ¹⁸O stack LR04¹². All the records from ocean deposits were calibrated to the timescale of LR04¹², except the Fe MAR records of ODP 1090 in l which were tuned according to the EPICA EDC3 time scale²⁴. Data in b and g are smoothed with a three-point running mean. The green shaded bars indicate interglacial MIS stratigraphy, and the light green and light gray ones highlight inter-hemispheric asymmetry during the “glacial” MIS 14.