Table 3.

³¹P MR Spectroscopic findings in healthy children and adolescent

Investigators	Sample	MRS	Region(s) of interest	Metabolites/findings
Boesch et al. (1989)	33 wks – 6 yrs. (n = 40, 48 exams) healthy (25%) cerebral pathology (75%) chloral hydrate	SV, 2.35 T	bilateral fronto-temporal regions	-PME/PDE declines until 1.3 yrs. -PCr/β-NTP increases until 1.3 yrs.
van der Knaap et al. (1990)	1 mo – 16 yrs. mean=5.9 yrs. (n = 41) no sedation	SV, 1.5T	paraventricular region, predominantly WM	-PME/β-NTP decreases with age -PDE/β-NTP, PCr/β-NTP, PCr/Pi increases with age
Moss & Talagala (1997)	mean = 13.4 yrs. (n = 29) sedation not specified	CSI, 1.5 T 3.5cm3	mesial frontal lobe mesial occipital lobe	-females, β-NTP higher occipital than frontal -males, β-NTP higher in frontal than occipital -males, higher PDE in occipital than frontal
Hanaoka et al. (1998)	4 mo – 13 yrs. (n = 37) sedation not specified	SV, 2.0 T 60–90cm3 40–60cm3	bilateral fronto-parietal cerebrum bilateral cerebellar hemispheres	-PME/PDE decreases until 2 yrs in cerebellum -PME/PDE decreases with age in cerebrum -PCr/γ-NTP increases 1–2 yrs, peaks at 8 yrs
Goldstein et al. (2009)	6 – 18 yrs. (n = 105) no sedation	CSI, 1.5 T 3 × 4.5 × 3 cm	prefrontal cortex basal ganglia superior temporal cortex inferior parietal cortex centrum semiovale occipetal regions	-PCr increases from 6–9.5 yrs., plateaus between 9.5–12 yrs. and increases again between 12–18 yrs. -PME/PDE lower in youngest (6–9.5 yrs.) vs. oldest (12–18 yrs.) age group.

Abbreviations: SV, single voxel; CSI, chemical shift imaging; WM, white matter; GM, gray matter.

Note: Subjects in all studies were healthy, normally developing individuals except where noted otherwise. Findings reported in this table reflect healthy subjects only.