Romidepsin induced an up-regulation of MDR1, p15, and p14ARF genes. Quantitative PCR analysis of (A) MDR1, (B) p15, and (C) p14ARF at baseline, 4 h, and 24 h following romidepsin treatment in patients in cohort A revealed a trend toward increased gene expression, but these changes were not statistically significant. In cohort B, at 24 h, there was a 75% mean increase in (A) MDR1 expression (P = 0.005), a 162% mean increase in (B) p15 (P = 0.01), and a (C) 106% mean increase in p14 (P < 0.0001). Statistical significance was determined using a random-effects linear model. Geometric means and corresponding 95% confidence intervals are presented.