Table 1.

GRADE evaluation of interventions for Epilepsy (behavioural, psychological, and ketogenic diet treatment)

Important outcomes	Seizure frequency, quality of life, adverse effects
Number of studies (participants)	Outcome	Comparison	Type of evidence	Quality	Consistency	Directness	Effect size	GRADE	Comment
What are the effects of behavioural and psychological treatments for people with epilepsy?
2 (57)	Seizure frequency	CBT v control	4	−2	0	−1	0	Very low	Quality points deducted for sparse data, and weak methods (uncertainty about randomisation/concealment); directness point deducted for baseline differences between groups
4 (167)	Quality of life	CBT v control	4	−3	0	0	0	Very low	Quality points deducted for sparse data, incomplete reporting of results, and weak methods (uncertainty about randomisation/concealment)
1 (37)	Quality of life	CBT v relaxation	4	−3	0	−1	0	Very low	Quality points deducted for sparse data, weak methods (blinding), and incomplete reporting of results; directness point deducted for restricted population (60 years or above)
2 (396)	Quality of life	Educational programmes v control	4	−2	0	−1	0	Very low	Quality points deducted for unclear randomisation, and lack of blinding; directness point deducted for non-standard intervention in 1 RCT (locally developed intervention, also printed module of unclear status given to both groups)
What are the effects of ketogenic diet for people with epilepsy?
2 (247)	Seizure frequency	Ketogenic diet v placebo or control	4	−2	0	0	0	Low	Quality points deducted for lack of blinding and high attrition
5 (327)	Seizure frequency	Different ketogenic diets v each other	4	−3	0	0	0	Very low	Quality points deducted for weak methods (randomisation, blinding, allocation concealment), incomplete reporting of results, and high attrition rates

Type of evidence: 4 = RCT; 2 = Observational Consistency: similarity of results across studies Directness: generalisability of population or outcomes Effect size: based on relative risk or odds ratio