Table 1. Phenolic acid accumulation in the cecum, colon, urine, and plasma in response to GSPE treatment.
Rats were treated with GSPE (250 mg/Kg BW/day) or vehicle (control) for 11 days (n=per group). 24-hour urine specimens were collected at day 10. Animals were then sacrificed at day 11, 6 hours after the last dose of GSPE/vehicle treatment, followed by immediate collection of cecum, colon, and plasma specimens. Presented are accumulations of phenolic acids in cecum (1A), colon (1B), urine (1C), and plasma (1D) specimens collected. Data are displayed as mean ± SEM;
| A cecum (μmol/kg wet tissue weight) | B colon (μmol/kg wet tissue weight) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compounds | control | GSE | fold change (GSE/Ctl) | control | GSE | fold change (GSE/Ctl) |
| FA | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| HA | 37.11 ± 14.62 | 15.26 ± 1.26 * | 2.4
|
35.33 ± 17.69 | 71.23 ± 11.01 * |
2.0
|
| 3-HBA | 26.20 ± 5.09 | 72.06 ± 33.75 * |
2.8
|
12.13 ± 2.45 | 33.09 ± 5.45 * |
2.7
|
| 4-HBA | 113.72 ± 47.03 | 37.61 ± 14.80 * | 3.0
|
18.93 ± 3.72 | 43.94 ± 14.41 * |
2.3
|
| 3-HHA | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 4-HHA | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 3-HPA | 33.16 ± 14.33 | 375.69 ± 259.61 * |
11.3
|
20.07 ± 8.17 | 589.11 ± 46.98 * |
29.4
|
| 3,4-diHPA | 59.83 ± 8.85 | 323.60 ± 149.40 * |
5.4
|
19.83 ± 6.83 | 753.90 ± 302.74 * |
38.0
|
| 3-HPP | 190.51 ± 158.82 | 940.20 ± 52.56 * |
4.9
|
70.56 ± 59.42 | 2358.83 ± 865.71 * |
33.4
|
| 3,4-diHPP | 74.36 ± 15.07 | 496.22 ± 189.66 * |
6.7
|
42.41 ± 7.49 | 552.07 ± 169.46 * |
13.0
|
| 5-HPV | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| PA | 1167.88 ± 363.94 | 276.58 ± 65.50 * | 4.2
|
293.68 ± 93.38 | 705.93 ± 278.35 * |
2.4
|
| C urine (nmol/day) | D plasma (μM) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compounds | control | GSE | fold change (GSE/Ctl) | control | GSE | fold change (GSE/Ctl) |
| FA | 23.2 + 2.6 | 128.2 ± 56.6 * |
5.5
|
0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.0 |
| HA | 7.3 + 1.0 | 22.2 ± 7.1 * |
3.0
|
3.14 ± 0.42 | 4.72 ± 0.48 * |
1.5
|
| 3-HBA | 0.0 + 0.0 | 92.0 ± 19.5 * |
|
— | — | — |
| 4-HBA | 448.0 + 70.0 | 366.2 ± 103.8 | 0.0 | — | — | — |
| 3-HHA | 21.3 + 0.9 | 54.8 ± 12.0 * |
2.6
|
— | — | — |
| 4-HHA | 0.0 + 0.0 | 241.5 ± 51.5 * |
|
— | — | — |
| 3-HPA | 1.5 + 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.3 * | −1.5
|
0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.0 |
| 3,4-diHPA | 4.7 + 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.7 * | −1.9
|
— | — | |
| 3-HPP | 249.5 + 34.7 | 627.3 ± 127.5 * |
2.5
|
0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.12 * |
2.6
|
| 3,4-diHPP | 455.3 + 85.0 | 590.6 ± 319.2 | 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 1.25 ± 0.06 * |
1.3
|
| 5-HPV | 0.0 + 0.0 | 78.7 ± 6.6 * |
|
0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.48 ± 0.07 * |
|
| PA | — | — | — | — | — | — |
P<0.05, GSPE-treated compared to vehicle-treated control.
Data in bold highlight phenolic acids whose contents are significantly elevated in biologic fluids and/or tissues in response to GSPE treatment. Dark and light arrows indicate, respectively, increase or decrease fold change in GSPE-treated vs. vehicle-treated control specimens.