Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Design, Location | Probiotic Source | Duration (weeks) | Participant, Age (No. of Intervention/No. of Control) | Baseline Characteristics | Probiotic | Dose, CFU | Antidiabetic Medication Use | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mmol/l) | BMI (kg/m 2 ) | Insulin (μU/ml) | HOMA-IR | ||||||||
| Asemi et al. (16) | DB,PC,P, Iran | C | 8 | T2DM, 35–70, (27/27) | 7.73 | 30.89 | 5.76 | 2.01 | L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, B. longum, S. thermophilus | 3.92×1010 | YES |
| Asemi et al. (28) | SB,PC,P, Iran | Y | 9 | Pregnant, 18–30, (37/33) | 5.21 | ND | 7.90 | 1.82 | S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, B. animalis | 1×107 | NO |
| Bukowska et al. (17) | DB,PC,P, Poland | Fermented oatmeal soups | 6 | HC, men, 40–45, (15/15) | 5.94 | 26.25 | ND | ND | L. plantarum | 1×1010 | NO |
| Ejtahed et al. (12) | DB,PC,P, Iran | Y | 6 | T2DM, 30–60, (30/30) | 7.71 | 29.05 | 6.89 | ND | L. acidophilus, B. lactis | 3.98×109 | YES |
| Ivey et al. (14)a | DB,PC,P, Australia | C, Y | 6 | OB, 56–77, (40/37) | 5.58 | 30.41 | 9.79 | 2.47 | L. acidophilus, B. animalis subsp lactis | 6×109 | NO |
| Ivey et al. (14)b | DB,PC,P, Australia | C | 6 | OB, 56–77, (40/39) | 5.47 | 30.80 | 9.88 | 2.44 | L. acidophilus, B. animalis subsp lactis | 3×109 | NO |
| Jones et al. (18) | DB,PC,P, Canada | C | 9 | HC, 20–75, (62/62) | 5.35 | 27.30 | ND | ND | L. reuteri | 5.8×109 | NO |
| Jung et al. (19) | DB,PC,P, Korea | C | 6 | OB, 19–60, (22/28) | 5.75 | 29.16 | 10.21 | ND | L. Gasseri | 6×1010 | NO |
| Laitinen et al. (20) | DB,PC,P, Finland | C | 20 | Pregnant, 25–35, (66/70) | 4.53 | ND | 5.67 | 1.17 | L. rhamnosus, B. lactis | 1×1010 | NO |
| Lindsay et al. (21) | DB,PC,P, Ireland | C | 4 | OB, pregnant, 31–36, (63/75) | 4.73 | 33.55 | 15.36 | 3.27 | L. salivarius | 1×109 | NO |
| Mohamadshahi al (22) | DB,PC,P, Iran | Y | 8 | OB, T2DM, 42–59, (20/20) | 10.07 | 28.79 | ND | ND | L. Bb12, L. acidophilus | 1.11×109 | YES |
| Naruszewicz et al. (15) | DB,PC,P, Sweden | D | 6 | Healthy smoker, 35–45, (18/18) | 5.89 | 25.3 | 9.7 | ND | L. plantarum | 2×1010 | NO |
| Rajkumar et al. (24) | DB,PC,P, India | C | 6 | OB, 40–60, (15/15) | 4.93 | 28.79 | 18.15 | 3.95 | L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, B. longum, B. infantis, B. breve | 1.13×1011 | NO |
| Rajkumar et al. (23) | DB,PC,P, Japan | C | 6 | Health, 20–25, (15/15) | 4.70 | 22.53 | 18.77 | 3.80 | L. salivarius | 4×109 | NO |
| Shavakhi et al. (27) | DB,PC,P, Iran | C | 24 | NASH, 18–75, (31/32) | 5.52 | 28.40 | ND | ND | L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus L. casei, L. bulgaricus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus | 9.5×108 | YES |
| Shakeri et al. (25) | DB,PC,P, Iran | Bread | 8 | T2DM, 35–70, (26/26) | 8.27 | 30.05 | ND | ND | L. sporogenes | 1.30×1010 | YES |
| Sharafedtinov et al. (26) | DB,PC,P, Estonia | Cheese | 3 | Met.S, 30–69, (25/11) | 7.06 | 37.27 | ND | ND | L. plantarum | 7.5×1012 | NO |
C: capsule; Y: yogurt; D: drink; CFU, colony-forming unit; DB, double blind; HC, hypercholesterolemia; Met.S, metabolic syndrome; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; OB, obesity; P, parallel; PC, placebo control; SB, single blind; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.