Table 2. Result of subgroup analysis of included randomized, controlled trials in meta-analysis.
| Groups | Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | Insulin (μU/ml) | HOMA-IR | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | WMD (95%CI) | P | I 2 (%) | P heterogeneity | n | WMD (95%CI) | P | I 2 (%) | P heterogeneity | n | WMD (95%CI) | P | I 2 (%) | P heterogeneity | |
| Hyperglycemic | |||||||||||||||
| YES | 4 | -1.46 (-1.67, -1.25) | <0.01 | 11 | 0.34 | 2 | -2.01 (-2.46, -1.56) | <0.01 | 36 | 0.21 | 1 | -1.60 (-1.87, -1.33) | <0.01 | ||
| NO | 13 | -0.15 (-0.33, 0.02) | 0.09 | 82 | <0.01 | 9 | -1.20 (-2.36, -0.03) | 0.05 | 91 | <0.01 | 7 | -0.32 (-0.65, 0.00) | 0.05 | 91 | <0.01 |
| Use of antidiabetic medications | |||||||||||||||
| YES | 5 | -0.98 (-1.58, -0.37) | <0.01 | 54 | 0.07 | 2 | -2.01 (-2.46, -1.56) | <0.01 | 36 | 0.21 | 1 | -1.60 (-1.87, -1.33) | <0.01 | ||
| NO | 12 | -0.14 (-0.32, 0.04) | 0.12 | 82 | <0.01 | 9 | -1.20 (-2.36, -0.03) | 0.05 | 91 | <0.01 | 7 | -0.32 (-0.65, 0.00) | 0.05 | 91 | <0.01 |
| Pregnant participant | |||||||||||||||
| YES | 3 | -0.15 (-0.35, 0.05) | 0.16 | 81 | <0.01 | 3 | -1.47 (-4.31, 1.38) | 0.31 | 93 | <0.01 | 3 | -0.37 (-0.98, 0.24) | 0.23 | 93 | <0.01 |
| NO | 14 | -0.36 (-0.74, 0.01) | 0.06 | 93 | <0.01 | 8 | -1.15 (-1.78, -0.52) | <0.01 | 67 | <0.01 | 5 | -0.53 (-1.12, 0.06) | 0.08 | 95 | <0.01 |
| Species | |||||||||||||||
| Single species | 8 | -0.05 (-0.14, 0.05) | 0.36 | 0 | 0.64 | 4 | -0.83 (-2.94, 1.28) | 0.44 | 66 | 0.03 | 2 | -0.08 (-0.84, 0.69) | 0.85 | 82 | 0.02 |
| Multispecies | 9 | -0.44 (-0.83, -0.05) | 0.03 | 96 | <0.01 | 7 | -1.46 (-2.51, -0.41) | <0.01 | 93 | <0.01 | 6 | -0.60 (-0.98, -0.22) | <0.01 | 94 | <0.01 |
| Duration | |||||||||||||||
| > 8 weeks | 4 | -0.27 (-0.37, -0.17) | <0.01 | 0 | 0.78 | 2 | -2.90 (-4.88, -0.93) | <0.01 | 85 | 0.01 | 2 | -0.67 (-1.15, -0.20) | <0.01 | 89 | <0.01 |
| ≤ 8 weeks | 13 | -0.32 (-0.67, 0.02) | 0.06 | 94 | <0.01 | 9 | -0.92 (-1.61, -0.23) | <0.01 | 73 | <0.01 | 6 | -0.40 (-0.96, 0.17) | 0.17 | 95 | <0.01 |
| Daily dose | |||||||||||||||
| ≥ 1011 CFU | 2 | -0.62 (-0.78, -0.47) | <0.01 | 0 | 0.45 | 1 | -1.17 (-1.52, -0.82) | <0.01 | 1 | -0.77 (-0.94, -0.60) | <0.01 | ||||
| < 1011 CFU | 15 | -0.28 (-0.56, -0.01) | 0.04 | 92 | <0.01 | 10 | -1.28(-2.35, -0.21) | 0.02 | 88 | <0.01 | 7 | -0.42 (-0.89, 0.04) | 0.07 | 94 | <0.01 |
| Source of probiotic | |||||||||||||||
| Capsule | 9 | -0.34 (-0.74, 0.06) | 0.10 | 96 | <0.01 | 7 | -1.18 (-1.81, -0.54) | <0.01 | 70 | <0.01 | 6 | -0.51 (-0.99, -0.03) | 0.04 | 93 | <0.01 |
| Others | 8 | -0.18 (-0.43, 0.07) | 0.16 | 61 | 0.01 | 4 | -1.84 (-4.54, 0.86) | 0.18 | 92 | <0.01 | 2 | -0.35 (-1.46, 0.77) | 0.54 | 96 | <0.01 |
| Total | 17 | -0.31 (-0.56, -0.05) | 0.02 | 92 | <0.01 | 11 | -1.29(-2.17, -0.41) | <0.01 | 90 | <0.01 | 8 | -0.48 (-0.83, -0.13) | <0.01 | 93 | <0.01 |
Data were meta-analyzed by using a random-effects model or fixed-effects model as appropriate and are presented as WMD. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed by using the chi-square test and quantified by using the I2 statistic. WMD: Weight mean difference.