Table 2.

Baseline factors reported to be associated with drug PK and/or clinical outcomes after anti-TNF therapy for UC

Baseline Factor	Association with PK	Association with outcomes
Age	–	Inversely associated with clinical  response to IFX 65
Sex	IFX clearance faster in men37	Increased rates of clinical  response and remission in  females treated with GLM 23
Race	–	White race associated with higher  rates of GLM clinical response  23
Weight	Directly associated with IFX  volume of distribution 37	Inversely associated with  frequency of IFX dose  escalation in children 39
	High body weight associated with  higherIFX clearance; low body  weight associated with low  trough IFX levels since  relationship between weight  and clearance is nonlinear47
	Directly associated with serum  IFX levels in children 27
Albumin	Low albuminassociated withlow  serum IFX concentrations  rapid clearance26,44,47	Low serum albumin associated  with lower IFX response  rates44, increased colectomy  rates46, and increased  frequency of IFX dose  escalation in  children39
CRP	CRP inversely associated with  IFX levels 26	CRP inversely associated with  GLM response23
ESR	–	High ESR associated with  increased frequency of IFX  dose escalation in children39
Fecal inflammatory markers	–	Fecal lactoferrin inversely  associated with GLM  response23
		Fecal calprotectin inversely  related to IFX response in  ASUC38
Mayo Score	Inversely associated with IFX  levels26	Inversely associated with  incidence of clinical remission  after treatment with IFX or  GLM23,28
pANCA	–	Positive pANCA associated with  decreased rates of clinical  response to IFX65
TNF	–	Mucosal TNF gene expression  inversely associated with  response to IFX32
Mucosal gene expression	–	Panel of 5 genes (TNFRSF11B,  STC1, PTGS2, IL13RA2 and  IL11) predicted response to  IFX66
		Gene expression principle  component representing UC  molecular disturbance  associated with non-  response.67

IFX, infliximab; GLM, golimumab; CRP, c-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; pANCA, pronuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies