Table 2. Summary of findings.
| Site, unit | Mean controls | Mean CAA- and CAA+ pt. | P * | Mean CAA- | P † | Mean CAA+ | P ‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FMD and NMD | |||||||||
| Dhillon, 1996 [8] | BA, side unclear | % FMD | 9.40±3.5 | 3.1±3.5 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - |
| % NMD | 21.7±5.4 | 23.0±9.5 | 0.58 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Silva, 2001 [9] | BA, side unclear | % FMD | 6.20±2.8 | 4.6±3.3 | 0.17 | - | - | - | - |
| % NMD | 15.1±3.6 | 14.4±6.9 | 0.73 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Deng, 2002 [11] | Right BA | % FMD | 14.1±6.8 | 6.2±3.9 | <0.0001 | 6.3±4.3 | - | 5.7±1.4 | - |
| % NMD | 33.2±13.7 | 30.6±9.2 | 0.49 | 30.2±9.7 | - | 33.3±5.0 | - | ||
| Ikemoto, 2005 [15] | Right BA | % FMD | 18.8±2.8 | - | - | 19.4±3.9 | NS | 12.5±7.6 | § |
| Kadono, 2005 [16] | Right BA | % FMD | 11.7±14.7 | 3±11.0 | <0.05 | 8.3±9.1 | - | -0.5±9.2 | - |
| Borzutzky, 2008 [17] | BA, n-d arm | % FMD | 8.00±2.9 | 11.1±5.7 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - |
| McCrindle, 2007 [18] | BA, side unclear | % FMD | 9.4±9.0 | 8.9±11.6 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - |
| % NMD | - | - | 0.93 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Huang, 2008 [20] | Right BA | % FMD | 13.11±1.00 | - | - | - | - | 6.12±1.61 | <0.001 |
| Niboshi, 2008 [21] | Right BA | % FMD | 14.4±3.2 | 10.4±2.6 | <0.01 | 11.5±2.8 | < 0.05 | 9.1±2.1 | < 0.05 |
| Liu, 2009 [23] | Left BA | % FMD | 12.1±2.3 | - | - | 9.5±2.8 | <0.01 | 4.5±1.5 | <0.01 |
| Noto, 2009 [26] | BA, side unclear | % FMD | 13.30±4.8 | - | - | - | - | 9.1±2.7 | <0.001 |
| % NMD | 20.6±7.0 | - | - | - | - | 20.5±6.2 | 0.96 | ||
| Duan, 2011 [27] | Left BA | % FMD | 12±8 | - | - | - | - | 4±8 | 0.001 |
| % NMD | 29±12 | - | - | - | - | 23±10 | 0.075 | ||
| Ishikawa, 2013 [31] | Left BA | % FMD | 11.10 (10.1–13.9)|| | - | - | 9.1 (6.6–10.7)|| | <0.05 | 4.4 (2.6–5.7)|| | <0.01 |
| % NMD | 25.1±4.5 | - | - | 24.0±8.2 | NS | 21.7±5.0 | NS | ||
| Duan, 2014 [33] | Left BA | % FMD | 11.1 (8.8–16.4)|| | - | - | - | - | 4.2 (-1.71–8.16)|| | 0.001 |
| % NMD | 24.13 (18.62–30.86)|| | - | - | - | - | 24.4 (11.2–30.65)|| | 0.545 | ||
| Laurito, 2014 [35] | Right BA | % FMD | 9.54±1.8 | 9.38 ± 1.4 | 0.79 | 9.5±1.2 | - | 9.3±1.6 | - |
| PAT | |||||||||
| Pinto, 2013 [29] | Left and right index fingers | 2.31±0.53 | - | - | 1.67±0.49 | 0.001 | - | - | |
| Tobayama, 2013 [30] | 1 finger of each hand | 1.89±0.51 | 2.03 ± 0.44 | 0.19 | - | - | - | - | |
| Selamet Tierney, 2014 [32] | Left and right index fingers | 1.70±0.53 | 1.78 ± 0.46 | 0.35 | 1.79±0.44 | 0.55|| | 1.71±0.51 | 0.55|| | |
| SI | |||||||||
| Noto, 2001 [10] | Right CA | 2.94±0.91 | - | - | - | - | 4.11±0.86 | < 0.001 | |
| Cheung, 2004 [12] | Right CA | 4.24±0.86 | - | - | 4.27±0.83 | - | 5.07±1.11 | 0.001 | |
| Ikemoto, 2005 [15] | CA, side unclear | 2.47±0.79 | - | - | 2.54±0.9 | NS | 2.59±1.06 | NS | |
| Cheung, 2007 [19] | Right CA | 3.77±0.92 | - | - | 4.22±0.64 | - | 4.72±1.20 | 0.003 | |
| Cheung, 2008 [22] | Right CA | 3.39±0.76 | - | - | 3.79±1.00 | - | 4.38±1.10 | < 0.001 | |
| Liu, 2009 [23] | Right CA | 3.59±0.46 | - | - | 3.81±0.50 | 0.142 | 4.10±0.44 | <0.01 | |
| Gupta-Malhotra, 2009 [24] | Left and right CA | 1.93±0.48 | 1.9±0.1 | 0.912# | 2.0±0.7 | 0.912# | 1.8±0.3 | 0.912# | |
| Duan, 2011 [27] | Right CA | 2.8±0.6 | - | - | - | - | 3.6±0.8 | 0.001 | |
| Oguri, 2014 [36] | Right CA | 2.89±0.59 | 3.03±0.61 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | |
| Duan, 2014 [33] | Right CA | 2.93 (2.67–3.15) | - | - | - | - | 3.12 (3.02–3.37) | 0.032 | |
| PWV | |||||||||
| Cheung, 2004 [13] | Right brachial-radial, m/s | 5.89±1.35 | - | - | 6.71±1.82 | 0.042 | 7.17±1.79 | 0.001 | |
| Cheung, 2004 [14] | Right brachial-radial, m/s | 6.2±1.5 | 7.2 ± 2.8 | 0.034 | - | - | - | - | |
| Cheung, 2007 [19] | Right brachial-radial, m/s | 5.77±1.25 | - | - | 6.73±1.88 | - | 7.22±1.67 | 0.009 | |
| Niboshi, 2008 [21] | L+R brachial-ankle, cm/s | 1103±139 | 1146 ± 147 | ¶ | - | - | - | - | |
| Lee, 2009 [25] | Left brachial-ankle, cm/s | 984.0±96.5 | - | - | - | - | 1020.6±146.5 | <0.05 | |
| Right brachial-ankle, cm/s | 976.3±93.5 | - | - | - | - | 979.7±154.8 | NS | ||
| Cho, 2014 [34] | L+R brachial-radial, cm/s** | 966.71±88.7 | - | - | 1076.86±164.10 | < 0.05 | 1181.50±7.78 | <0.05 | |
| cIMT | |||||||||
| Noto, 2001 [10] | Max RCCA, mm | 0.48±0.08 | - | - | - | - | 0.54±0.09 | <0.05 | |
| Ikemoto, 2005 [15] | Max RLCCA, mm | 0.5±0.04 | - | - | 0.47±0.06 | NS | 0.50±0.05 | NS | |
| Kadono, 2005 [16] | Max RCCA, mm | 0.46±0.06 | 0.45±0.07 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - | |
| Cheung, 2007 [19] | Mean RCCA, mm | 0.36±0.04 | - | - | 0.39±0.04 | 0.008 | 0.41±0.04 | <0.001 | |
| Cheung, 2008 [22] | Mean RCCA, mm | 0.42±0.016 | - | - | 0.42±0.019 | NS | 0.44±0.023 | 0.006 | |
| Gupta-Malhotra, 2009 [24] | Mean RLCCA, mm | 0.48±0.06 | 0.49±0.07 | 0.905# | 0.5±0.01 | 0.905# | 0.47±0.01 | 0.905# | |
| Lee, 2009 [25] | Max RCCA, mm | 0.50±0.01 | - | - | - | - | 0.41±0.19 | NS | |
| Noto, 2009 [26] | Max RCCA, mm | 0.46±0.05 | - | - | - | - | 0.57±0.15 | <0.001 | |
| Duan, 2011 [27] | Mean RCCA, mm | 0.44±0.04 | - | - | - | - | 0.49±0.07 | 0.025 | |
| Noto, 2012 [28] | Max, RCCA, mm | 0.42±0.04 | - | - | - | - | 0.54±0.08 | 0.005 | |
| Ishikawa, 2013 [31] | Mean RCCA, mm | 0.43±0.04 | - | - | 0.43±0.02 | NS | 0.45±0.03 | NS | |
| Selamet Tierney, 2013 [32] | Mean RCCA, mm | 0.432±0.029 | 0.428±0.024 | 0.35 | 0.429±0.02 | 0.41# | 0.426±0.024 †† | 0.41# | |
| Mean LCCA, mm | 0.434±0.028 | 0.438±0.034 | 0.42 | 0.439±0.04 | 0.05# | 0.439±0.035 †† | 0.05# | ||
| Mean LRCCA calculated | 0.433±0.028 | 0.433±0.030 | 0.434±0.032 | 0.433±0.031 | |||||
| Singh-Meena, 2014 [37] | Max LCCA, mm | 0.417±0.065 | 0.500±0.071 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | |
| Laurito, 2014 [35] | Mean RLCCA, mm | 0.5±0.1 | 0.5±0.1 | 0.93 | 0.4±0.1 | - | 0.5±0.1 | - | |
| Oguri, 2014 [36] | Mean RCCA, mm | 0.39±0.04 | 0.40±0.03 | 0.15 | - | - | - | - | |
* p whole KD group vs controls
† p CAA-negative patients vs controls
‡ p CAA-positive patients vs controls
§ p< 0.0001 moderate and severe aneurysms vs controls
|| Median (IQR)
# based on ANOVA
¶ p<0.05 for male patients, p not significant for female patients
** in original article stated as m/s
†† z-score > 3.
NS, non-significant (as reported in original articles); BA, Brachial artery; cIMT; carotid intima-media thickness; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; LCCA, Left common carotid artery; n-d; non-dominant; NMD, nitroglycerin-mediated dilation; PAT, peripheral arterial tonometry; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RCCA, Right common carotid artery; SI, stiffness index. Italic numbers are calculated using the data in the original articles