Fig 4. Ca2+ modulators alter the concentrations of cAMP in ESCs.
ESCs were treated for 1 h with alamethicin (1 μM), ionomycin (3 μM), nifedipine (20 μM), verapamil (20 μM), or dantrolene (20 μM) and then stimulated for 48 h with forskolin (15 μM). The cAMP levels in the cell lysates were determined by EIA. The amount of cAMP was normalized to the amount of total cellular protein. The data from three independent experiments are presented. **p<0.01 vs. forskolin alone-treated group. Values represent the mean ± SEM.