Table 2.
Relative and absolute ethnic disparities [relative risks (RR) and risk difference (RD)*] from modified poisson and modified least squares models† (reference: non-Hispanic whites) for 2-year histories of geriatric syndromes and diabetes complications among community-dwelling patients ≥60 years of age with diabetes in the Diabetes & Aging Study
| Relative Risks (95% C.I.) | Risk Difference (95% C.I.) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African Americ an |
Asian | Filipin o |
Latino | Mixed race- ethnicit y |
African Americ an |
Asian | Filipin o |
Latino | Mixed race- ethnicit y l |
|
| Geriatric Syndromes | ||||||||||
| Underweight | 1.31 (0.99, 1.73) | 3.39* (2.78, 4.13) | 2.73* (2.12, 3.51) | 0.76 (0.54, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.35) | 0.002 (−0.0001, 0.004) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.01) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.01) | −0.001*(−0.002, − 0.001) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) |
| Depression | 0.60* (0.57, 0.64) | 0.43* (0.40, 0.47) | 0.39* (0.36, 0.42) | 0.91* (0.87, 0.95) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | −0.08* (−0.09, −0.07) | −0.11* (−0.11, −0.10) | −0.12* (−0.13, −0.12) | −0.02* (−0.03, −0.01) | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Falls | 0.64* (0.59, 0.7) | 0.65* (0.59, 0.71) | 0.49* (0.44, 0.56) | 0.84* (0.78, 0.90) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | −0.03* (−0.04, −0.03) | −0.03* (−0.03, −0.02) | −0.04* (−0.04, −0.03) | −0.01* (−0.02, −0.01) | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.001) |
| Dementia | 1.29* (1.12, 1.5) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.76* (0.60, 0.96) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.37) | 0.01* (0.002, 0.01) | −0.003 (−0.005, 0.0002) | −0.003* (−0.006, − 0.001) | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.005) | 0.002 (−0.02, 0.006) |
| Chronic pain | 1.0 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.86* (0.85, 0.87) | 0.89* (0.87, 0.9) | 1.01 (1.0, 1.02) | 1.03* (1.02, 1.05) | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.11* (−0.12, −0.1) | −0.08* (−0.1, − 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.002, 0.02) | 0.02* (0.01, 0.04) |
| Urinary incontinence | 0.72* (0.66, 0.78) | 0.51* (0.46, 0.57) | 0.47* (0.41, 0.53) | 0.9* (0.84, 0.97) | 1.0 (0.92, 1.1) | −0.02* (−0.03, −0.02) | −0.04* (−0.04, −0.03) | −0.04* (−0.05, −0.04) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.003) | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Polypharmacy | 0.96* (0.94, 0.98) | 0.82* (0.80, 0.84) | 0.88* (0.86, 0.90) | 0.86* (0.85, 0.88) | 1.0 (0.97, 1.01) | −0.02* (−0.03, −0.01) | −0.10* (−0.12, −0.09) | −0.07* (−0.08, −0.06) | −0.08* (−0.09, −0.07) | −0.004 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| Any geriatric syndrome | 1.0 (0.99, 1.0) | 0.91* (0.90, 0.92) | 0.94* (0.93, 0.95) | 0.99* (0.98, 0.99) | 1.02* (1.01, 1.02) | − 0.004(−0.01, 0.003) | −0.08* (−0.09, −0.07) | −0.05* (−0.06, −0.05) | −0.01* (−0.02, −0.01) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.02) |
| Diabetes-related complications | ||||||||||
| Myocardial Infarction | 0.64* (0.52, 0.80) | 0.79* (0.64, 0.98) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 0.76* (0.62, 0.92) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.003) | −0.03* (−0.005, − 0.0004) | 0.001 (−0.002, 0.004) | −0.003* (−0.006, − 0.001) | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.005) |
| Stroke | 0.63* (0.51, 0.78) | 0.58* (0.46, 0.73) | 0.59* (0.45, 0.77) | 0.77* (0.64, 0.93) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.003) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.004) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.003) | −0.003* (−0.01, −0.001) | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.006) |
| Heart Failure | 0.92*(0.88, 0.97) | 0.60* (0.56, 0.64) | 0.69* (0.64, 0.75) | 0.68* (0.64, 0.73) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.0) | −0.01* (−0.02, −0.002) | −0.05* (−0.06, −0.05) | −0.04* (−0.05, −0.03) | −0.05* (−0.05, −0.04) | −0.01* (−0.02, −0.001) |
| Amputation | 1.2 (0.96, 1.4) | 0.35* (0.24, 0.51) | 0.26* (0.16, 0.43) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.03) | 1.0 (0.77, 1.3) | 0.002 (0, 0.005) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.004) | −0.01* (−0.01, −0.005) | −0.002 (−0.004, 0) | 0 (−0.003, 0.003) |
| End-stage renal disease | 2.31* (2.02, 2.65) | 2.05* (1.74, 2.41) | 2.61* (2.23, 3.07) | 1.86* (1.60, 2.16) | 1.79* (1.49, 2.15) | 0.02* (0.01, 0.02) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.01) | 0.02* (0.01, 0.02) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.01) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.01) |
| Advanced diabetic eye disease | 1.15* (1.11, 1.19) | 1.26* (1.21, 1.31) | 1.21* (1.16, 1.27) | 1.19* (1.15, 1.24) | 1.16* (1.11, 1.21) | 0.03* (0.02, 0.04) | 0.04* (0.04, 0.05) | 0.04* (0.03, 0.05) | 0.03* (0.03, 0.04) | 0.03* (0.02, 0.04) |
| Hypoglycemic events | 1.95* (1.66, 2.30) | 1.03 (0.8, 1.32) | 0.97(0. 73, 1.29) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.42) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) | 0.01* (0.01, 0.01) | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.003) | 0.0003 (−0.002, 0.003) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.004) | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.001) |
| Any diabetes complication | 1.05* (1.03, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.96* (0.93, 0.98) | 1.08* (1.04, 1.11) | 0.02* (0.01, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.01, − 0.003) | −0.002 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.01* (−0.02, −0.01) | 0.02* (0.01, 0.03) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, Upper Quartile | 0.96* (0.93, 1.0) | 0.73* (0.70, 0.77) | 0.90* (0.86, 0.94) | 0.80* (0.77, 0.83) | 1.06* (1.02, 1.11) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.002) | −0.06* (−0.07, −0.05) | −0.02* (−0.03, −0.01) | −0.05* (−0.06, −0.04) | 0.01* (0.002, 0.03) |
*
indicates significant ethnic disparity at the p<0.05 level
†
Models adjusted for age, sex, type and duration of diabetes, type of diabetes therapy and neighborhood deprivation.