Table 4.

Effect of neighborhood Puerto Rican density on depressive symptomatology at 2yr-follow-up among participants of the Puerto Rican Health Study

	Model 1 (a)			Model 2 (b)			Model 3 (c)
	β	(SE)	ρ-value	β	(SE)	ρ-value	Coeff	(SE)	ρ-value
Neighborhood Level
Neighborhood ethnic density
Low <15% (ref.)		−			−			−
High 15%≥	−1.17	0.64	0.07 +	−0.97	0.66	0.15	−2.93	1.52	0.05 *
Individual Level
Gender
Male (ref.)					−			−
Female				2.10	0.70	0.002 **	−0.03	0.94	0.98
Pre-migration urbanicity (PMU)
Urban/suburban (ref.)					−			−
Town				−1.42	0.90	0.12	−1.28	0.90	0.15
Rural				−1.60	0.65	0.01 *	−1.53	0.65	0.02 *
Reason for migration
Socioeconomic reasons (ref.)					−			−
Family reunification/to take care of family				0.89	0.66	0.18	0.87	0.66	0.19
Acces to health care services				−0.05	1.37	0.97	−0.16	1.37	0.91
Personal and family problems				3.07	1.10	0.01 **	3.20	1.10	0.004 **
Length of stay in the U.S. mainland
Less 15y (ref.)					−			−
15-24y				0.59	1.31	0.48	0.39	1.31	0.77
25-34y				0.24	1.22	0.85	0.10	1.21	0.93
>35y				−0.26	1.17	0.82	−0.33	1.17	0.78
Language acculturation quartiles
Q1 (Low) (ref.)					−			−
Q2				−0.59	0.80	0.46	1.34	1.23	0.27
Q3				−0.40	0.87	0.64	−0.44	1.22	0.72
Q4 (High)				−0.10	0.99	0.92	−0.56	1.28	0.66
Perceived racial/ethnic/language discrimination
No|no answer (ref.)					−
Yes				0.54	0.64	0.40		−
Recreational activities				−0.51	0.23	0.03 *	−0.53	0.23	0.02 *
Friends and neighbors activities				−0.13	0.26	0.60		−
Family activities				−0.45	0.26	0.09 +		−
Church related activities				−0.54	0.27	0.04 *	−0.60	0.26	0.02 *
Neighborhood & Individual Interactions
Ethnic density (ED) × Sex
Low ED neighborhood & high ED males in (ref.)								−
High ED females							3.51	1.28	0.01 *
Ethnic density (ED) × language acculturation quartiles
Low ED residents & High ED in Q1-Low (ref.)								−
High ED residents in Q2							−3.41	1.60	0.03 *
High ED residents in Q3							−0.0001	1.62	1.00
High ED residents in Q4-High							1.42	1.67	0.38
Level-1 (individuals) η		1204			1142			1142
Level-2 (neighborhoods) η		198			196			196
Log Likelihood		−4467.1			−4214.1			−4208.6

^***ρ<0.001;

^**ρ<0.01;

^*ρ<0.05;

⁺ρ<0.10

^(a)Model 1= sex + age + education + depressive symp. at baseline + neighborhood poverty level + neighborhood ethnic density

^(b)Model 2= Model 1 + pre-migration urbanicity + reason for migration + length of stay + language acculturation + perceived rac/eth/lang discrimination + recreational activities + friends&neighbors activities + family activities + church & other activities

^(c)Model 3= Model 2 + (ethnic density*sex) + (ethnic density*language acculturation)