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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Causes Control. 2015 Jun 6;26(8):1117–1126. doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0606-4

Table 3.

Relative risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality among 926 men initially diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer by post-diagnostic fat intake.

Quartile of intake Continuous model
1 2 3 4 P-
trend1 		HR (95% CI) p-value
Saturated fat
Median percent energy 6.6 8.6 10.4 12.7
Events/person-years 12/2109 7/2093 16/1961 21/1930 Unit of change = 5% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 0.54 (0.21, 1.37) 1.12 (0.52, 2.39) 1.71 (0.84, 3.49) 0.04 1.56 (0.98, 2.47) 0.06
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 0.51 (0.18, 1.40) 1.22 (0.44, 3.42) 2.13 (0.57, 7.90) 0.11 .2.78 (1.01, 7.64) 0.05
Monounsaturated fat
Median percent energy 6.9 8.8 10.8 13.1
Events/person-years 13/2085 12/2019 15/2020 16/1969 Unit of change = 5% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 0.86 (0.39, 1.88) 1.02 (0.48, 2.15) 1.12 (0.53, 2.34) 0.65 1.26 (0.77, 2.04) 0.36
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 0.54 (0.23, 1.28) 0.47 (0.18, 1.29) 0.39 (0.11, 1.40) 0.19 0.52 (0.16, 1.63) 0.26
Polyunsaturated fat
n-6 Fatty Acids
Median percent energy 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.5
Events 14/1960 20/2005 11/2069 11/2059 Unit of change = 5% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 1.47 (0.74, 2.92) 0.72 (0.33, 1.59) 0.77 (0.35, 1.71) 0.23 0.62 (0.19, 1.99) 0.42
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 1.85 (0.89, 3.87) 0.93 (0.39, 2.19) 0.98 (0.35, 2.76) 0.58 1.01 (0.20, 5.09) 0.99
n-3 Fatty Acids
Median percent energy 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Events 15/1948 17/1967 12/2094 12/2084 Unit of change = 1% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 1.07 (0.53, 2.14) 0.82 (0.38, 1.76) 0.81 (0.38, 1.74) 0.47 0.35 (0.05, 2.61) 0.31
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 1.17 (0.56, 2.45) 1.02 (0.44, 2.39) 1.12 (0.42, 3.00) 0.90 0.63 (0.06, 6.82) 0.70
Trans fat
Median percent energy 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3
Events 10/2097 12/2040 18/2034 16/1922 Unit of change = 1% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 1.15 (0.49, 2.66) 1.65 (0.76, 3.58) 1.50 (0.68, 3.34) 0.23 1.72 (0.81, 3.68) 0.16
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 0.88 (0.35, 2.23) 1.04 (0.39, 2.77) 0.93 (0.27, 3.25) 0.97 0.94 (0.24, 3.63) 0.92
Animal fat
Median percent energy 9.5 13.9 17.6 23.1
Events 12/2098 10/2081 14/1981 20/1933 Unit of change = 10% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 0.77 (0.33, 1.78) 1.08 (0.50, 2.34) 1.46 (0.71, 3.02) 0.17 1.48 (0.98, 2.23) 0.06
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 0.54 (0.21, 1.38) 0.65 (0.24, 1.78) 0.74 (0.21, 2.65) 0.89 1.47 (0.62, 3.53) 0.38
Vegetable fat
Median percent energy 6.7 9.2 11.5 15.3
Events 19/1937 11/2048 12/2060 14/2049 Unit of change = 10% energy
Model 1 HR (95% CI) 2 1.00 0.58 (0.28, 1.22) 0.62 (0.30, 1.29) 0.73 (0.36, 1.47) 0.46 0.69 (0.34, 1.42) 0.32
Model 2 HR (95% CI) 3 1.00 0.64 (0.29, 1.38) 0.80 (0.36, 1.77) 0.93 (0.41, 2.14) 0.97 0.81 (0.35, 1.91) 0.63

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

1

P-trend calculated by modeling the median of each category as a continuous term.

2

Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age at diagnosis (continuous), energy (continuous), and time since diagnosis (continuous).

3

Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, other, missing), modified D’amico risk category (high, intermediate, low), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), smoking (ever, never), and intake of alcohol (continuous %energy) and protein (continuous %energy). Additionally, the fats were adjusted for one another; and animal and vegetable fat were adjusted for one another and trans fat. These multivariate nutrient density models are modeling the association between replacing daily calories from carbohydrate with the same amount of calories from the fat of interest on risk of all-cause mortality.