Table 3:
Multiple-adjusted β1 (95% confidence intervals) for 3-year change of lipid profiles according to dietary protein intakes (% of total energy and g/kg body weight) and protein to carbohydrate ratio: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
| Men | Women | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Triglycerides | Total cholesterol |
HDL-C | LDL-C | Triglycerides | Total cholesterol |
HDL-C | LDL-C | ||
| Dietary protein (% of E) | |||||||||
| Q2 | -2.4 (-11.9, 7.7) | -2.1 (-5.4, 1.1) | -0.7 (-4.2, 2.7) | -1.5 (-6.6, 3.5) | 0.2 (-7.1, 7.5) | 0.97 (-1.9, 3.9) | -0.3 (-4.2, 3.5) | 2.1 (-2.3, 6.5) | |
| Q3 | -3.1 (-14.1, 7.8) | -1.8 (-5.6, 1.9) | -0.7 (-4.7, 3.3) | -1.6 (-7.4, 4.1) | 2.6 (-5.7, 10.9) | 0.12 (-3.2, 3.5) | -0.1 (-4.5, 4.3) | 0.5 (-4.5, 5.5) | |
| Q4 | 1.3 (0.2, 0.8) | -6.5 (-11.5, -1.5) | -6.7 (-12.2, -1.4) | -6.8 (-14.5, 0.9) | 4.3 (-6.8, 15.5) | 1.5 (-2.9, 6.0) | 3.9 (-2.0, 9.8) | 1.1 (-5.6, 7.8) | |
| P for trend2 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.4 | 0.11 | |
| Dietary protein (g/kg) | |||||||||
| Q2 | 1.6 (-8.7, 12.0) | -0.9 (-4.5, 2.6) | -5.4 (-9.2, -1.6) | -2.2 (-7.7, 3.4) | 0.6 (-7.2, 8.5) | 0.7 -2.9, 3.4) | 1.6 (-2.5, 5.8) | 1.2 (-5.6, 3.9) | |
| Q3 | 4.2 (-9.2, 17.6) | 0.3 (-4.3, 4.9) | -7.5 (-12.5, -2.6) | 0.8 (-6.2, 8.0) | -0.2 (-9.9, 9.5) | -1.4 (-3.2, 4.5) | -1.2 (-6.4, 3.9) | -3.1 (-4.7, 7.1) | |
| Q4 | -3.7 (-22.5, 15.1) | -2.9 (-9.4, 3.6) | -13.2 (-20.2, -6.3) | -1.3 (-11.3, 8.7) | -7.2 (-21.4, 7.0) | -0.2 (-7.2, 4.2) | -0.05 (-7.6, 7.4) | -0.2 (-11.7, 5.5) | |
| P for trend2 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.14 | |
| Dietary P/C ratio | |||||||||
| Q2 | -9.2 (-22.2, 3.8) | -1.5 (-5.3, 2.3) | -1.7 (-5.8, 2.5) | 0.3 (-5.8, 6.1) | -1.2 (-9.5, 7.1) | -1.9 (-5.2, 1.4) | -0.12 (-4.5, 4.3) | -3.9 (-8.9, 1.0) | |
| Q3 | -17.9 (-36.0, 0.1) | -4.5 (-9.4, 0.5) | -2.4 (-7.7, 2.9) | -2.1 (-9.7, 5.4) | 2.1 (-8.4, 12.6) | -2.3 (-6.5, 1.9) | -2.4 (-8.0, 3.2) | -3.9 (-10.2, 2.4) | |
| Q4 | -18.2 (-36.7, -0.1) | -8.4 (-15.1, -1.8) | -5.5 (-12.7, 1.6) | -4.8 (-14.9, 5.3) | -2.3 (-9.8, 11.2) | -0.9 (-6.3, 4.5) | -2.3 (-9.4, 4.9) | -1.4 (-9.4, 6.7) | |
| P for trend2 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.4 | 0.21 | |
First quartile was considered as reference in all analysis.
1 Multiple regression models were used with adjustment for sex, age at baseline (y, continues), BMI (kg/m2, continues), smoking (yes or no), physical activity (MET-h/wk, continuous), total energy intake (kcal/d), % of energy intake from carbohydrate, % of energy intake from, saturated fat, mono and poly unsaturated fat, and dietary fiber (g/1000kcal energy intake).
2 A linear trend test was performed by considering each ordinal score variable as a continuous variable in the model.
The median of dietary protein (% of energy) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles were 11.3, 12.9, 14.1, and 16.0 in men, and 10.9, 12.7, 14.2, and 16.3 in women, respectively. The median of dietary protein (g/kg) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles were 0.67, 0.88, 1.10, and 1.49 in men, and 0.72, 0.94, 1.17, and 1.61 in women. The median of dietary P/C ratio in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles were 0.18, 0.21, 0.24, and 0.29 in men, and 0.19, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.30 in women, respectively.