Table 4:
Multiple-adjusted β1 (95% confidence intervals) for 3-year change of lipid profile according to interaction of dietary protein intakes (% of total energy) and protein to carbohydrate ratio: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
| Men (n, 845) | Women (n, 1043) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low protein intakes | High protein intake | Low protein intakes | High protein intake | |||||||
| Low P/C | High P/C | Low P/C | High P/C | Low P/C | High P/C | Low P/C | High P/C | |||
| Serum triglycerides | 0.0 | -3.3(-13.4, 6.9) | -7.5 (-19.3, 4.3) | -7.4 (-18.9, 4.1) | 0.0 | 2.2 (-6.0, 10.4) | 4.0 (-5.1, 13.3) | 3.4 (-5.1, 11.9) | ||
| Total cholesterol | 0.0 | -1.5 (-4.9, 2.1) | -2.9 (-7.0, 1.2) | -5.5 (-9.5, -1.6)* | 0.0 | -0.5 (-3.8, 2.8) | -0.02 (-3.6, 3.6) | 0.2 (-3.1, 3.6) | ||
| LDL-C | 0.0 | -2.7 (-8.1, 2.6) | -3.7 (-10.0, 2.6) | -5.0 (-11.1, 1.0)* | 0.0 | -0.9 (-5.8, 3.9) | 0.1 (-5.3, 5.5) | 1.2 (-3.8, 6.3) | ||
| HDL-C | 0.0 | 0.7 (-3.1, 4.5) | 3.6 (-0.8, 7.9) | -3.2 (-7.4, 1.1) | 0.0 | -1.4 (-5.6, 2.9) | -3.9 (-8.7, 0.9) | -2.1 (-6.5, 2.4) | ||
1Multiple regression models were used with adjustment for sex, age at baseline (y, continues), BMI (kg/m2, continues), smoking (yes or no), physical activity (MET-h/wk, continuous), total energy intake (kcal/d), % of energy intake from carbohydrate, % of energy intake from, saturated fat, mono and poly unsaturated fat, and dietary fiber (g/1000kcal energy intake).
*P for trend<0.05 (A linear trend test was performed by considering each ordinal score variable as a continuous variable in the model)
Median of energy intakes from protein was 13.4% and 13.5% in men and women, respectively.
Median of protein to carbohydrate ratio was 0.23 and 0.24 in men and women, respectively.